Systemic Redox Imbalance in Chronic Kidney Disease: A Systematic Review

Table 3

Redox status before and after the HD treatment.

Authors

Groups

HD modality and period

AOPP

Ox-LDL

Free sulfhydryl

Protein carbonyls

TBARS/MDA

F2-isoprostanes

GSH

SOD

GPx

GR reductase

CAT

TAS

Ward et al., 2003 [53]

11 HD patients, (age 51 ± 5 yr)

(a) polysulfone membrane; (b) cellulose membrane; 49 ± 11 months

(a) 190 ± 37; (b) 163 ± 26 (μmol/L)

(a) ↑425 ± 15; (b) ↑408 ± 23 (μmol/L)

(a) ↑0.175 ± 0.03; (b) ↑0.178 ± 0.04 (nmol/mg)

Westhuyzen et al., 2003 [75]

13 HD patients, (age: 69.2 ± 15.6 yr)

Vitamin E membrane, 3x/wk; (a) Baseline; (b) At 6 wk; (c) At 13 wk

(a) 0.99 ± 0.17; (b) 1.08 ± 0.16; (c) 1.04 ± 0.20 (mmol/L)

(a) 725 ± 102; (b) 746 ± 130; (c) 771 ± 151 (U/g Hb)

(a) 46.8 ± 14.8; (b) ↑55.7 ± 14.8; (c) ↑56.7 ± 17.2 (U/g Hb)

Trimarchi et al., 2003 [71]

12 HD patients, (age: 65.5 ± 13.1 yr)

Cellulose membrane, for 20.83 months, 3x/wk

4.62 ± 0.9 (μmol/L)

Smith et al., 2003 [73]

11 HD patients, (age: 64 ± 4 yr)

Polysulfone membrane, 3x/wk

602 ± 105 (pg/mL)

Stepniewska et al., 2006 [55]

(a) 25 HD patients, (age: 50.3 ± 13.7 yr); (b) 26 HD patients (age: 60.5 ± 13.5 yr)

(a) Polysulfone membrane, glucose-free fluid, for 27.44 ± 15.87 months, 3x/week/4 h; (b) Polysulfone glucose fluid, for 24.43 ± 12.68 months, 3x/week/4 h

(a) ↑18.3 ± 7.2; (b) 19.8 ± 8.2 (mmol/g Hb)

(a) 2.69 ± 0.95; (b) ↑2.05 ±; 0.59 (U/g H)

Huang et al., 2006 [76]

25 HD patients, (age: 58 ± 3 yr)

HD for 12 months

↓0.5 (mmol/L)

Malindretos et al., 2007 [74]

20 HD patients, (age: 64.7 ± 17.3 yr):

Polysulfone membrane, 3x/wk/4 h

14.52 ± 8.3 (mU/L)

Dolegowska et al., 2007 [50]

(a) 22 HD patients, (age: 53.1 ± 11.4 yr); (b) 22 HD patients, (age: 57.7 ± 14.7 yr)

(a) Polysulfone membrane, glucose-free fluid, 3x/week/4 h; (b) Polysulfone glucose fluid, 3x/week/4 h

(a) ↑Plasma: 0.18 ± 0.17; RBC: 7.40 ± 11.22; (b) Plasma: 0.16 ± 0.10; RBC: 7.62 ± 7.03 (ng/mL), (ng/g Hb)

Ramos and Martínez-Castelao, 2008 [72]

34 HD patients, (age: 57 ± 1 yr)

Cellulose membrane

0.28 ± 0.19 (ng/g HDL)

Bober et al., 2010 [29]

(a) 22 HD patients, (age: 55.9 ± 14.8 yr); (b) 23 HD patients, (age: 64.3 ± 12.1 yr)

(a) Polysulfone membrane, glucose-free fluid, 3x/week; (b) Polysulfone HD glucose fluid, 3x/week

(a) ↑2.01 ± 0.55; (b) ↓1.17 ± 0.31 (μmol/L)

(a) ↓8.82 ± 2.22; (b) ↑11.07 ± 3.28 (nmol/g Hb)

Ogunro et al., 2014 [70]

(a) 35 HD patients, (age: 51.9 ± 12.4 yr); (b) 38 HD patients, (age: 49.8 ± 10.6 yr)

(a) Cellulose membrane; (b) Polysulfonate membrane,; 3x/wk/4-5 h

(a) ↑6.05 ± 0.9; (b) 4.71 ± 0.7 (nmol/mL)

(a) ↓2.09 ± 0.3; (b) 3.68 ± 0.2 (μmol/g Hb)

(a) ↓378 ± 13.2; (b) ↓418 ± 19.7 (U/g Hb)

(a) 22.5 ± 3.1; (b) 27.5 ± 4.2 (U/g Hb)

(a) 1231 ± 41.6; (b) ↑1370 ± 39.4 (U/g Hb)

(a) ↓1.0. ± 0.7; (b) 1.16 ± 0.2 (mmol/L trolox)

AOPP: advanced oxidation protein product; Ox-LDL: oxidized low density lipoprotein; MDA: malondialdehyde; GSH: reduced glutathione; SOD: superoxide dismutase; GPX: glutathione peroxidase; CAT: catalase; TAS: total antioxidant status; yr: years; ↑: versus before the HD treatment; ↓: versus before the HD treatment; ± stands for standard deviation except in cases of studies of Ward et al. (2003) [53] and Huang et al. (2006) [76] and Smith et al. (2003) [73] where ± stands for standard error.