CLOCK Promotes Endothelial Damage by Inducing Autophagy through Reactive Oxygen Species

Figure 1

Effects of hypoxia on cell viability and autophagy in HUVECs. (a) Representative transmission electron micrographs showing autophagosomes in HUVECs at normoxia or hypoxia condition. Bars represent quantitative analysis. (b) The punctate GFP-LC3 dots were determined by confocal microscopy in HUVECs at normoxia or hypoxia condition. (c) CCK-8 assay was used to determine the proliferation of HUVECs as indicated treatment. (d) Flow cytometry detected the apoptosis of HUVECs for 24 and 48 h hypoxia. (e) Representative images of migrating cells for 24 and 48 h hypoxia. (f) The expression of CLOCK, HIF-1α, LC3, and Beclin1 was detected as indicated. Rapamycin was used as a positive control. The expression of β-actin was used as a loading control. , .