Review Article
Oxidative Stress and Carbonyl Lesions in Ulcerative Colitis and Associated Colorectal Cancer
Table 1
Oxidant species and antioxidant defense.
| | Oxidant species |
| | Reactive oxygen species (ROS) | Superoxide anion () | | Peroxide () | | Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) | | Hydroxyl radical () | | Hydroxyl ion () |
| | Reactive nitrogen species (RNS) | Nitric oxide () | | Peroxynitrite () | | Nitrogen dioxide () | | Dinitrogen trioxide (N2O3) | | Nitrosoperoxycarbonate () |
| | ROS resources | Mitochondrial electron transition | | Enzyme reactions: peroxisomal oxidases, cytochrome P-450, NAD(P)H oxidases, and xanthine oxidase | | Xenobiotics, drugs, and radiation: cisplatin, doxorubicin, and so forth. |
| | RNS resources | Nitric oxide () from nitric oxide synthase 2 (NOS2) | | Other RNS from reaction of nitric oxide () with superoxide anion () and other reactive species. |
| | Antioxidant defense |
| | Nonenzymatic antioxidants | Glutathione (GSH) | | Cysteine | | Metallothionein | | Coenzyme Q (CoQ) | | Uric acid |
| | Enzymatic antioxidants | Superoxide dismutase (SOD) | | Catalase (CAT) | | Peroxiredoxin (Prx) | | Glutathione reductase (GR) | | Glutathione peroxidases (GPx) | | Glutathione-S-transferases (GST) | | Thioredoxin and thioredoxin reductase |
| | Natural (food) antioxidants | Vitamin A/C/E | | Flavonoid | | Resveratrol |
|
|
