Honey as a Potential Natural Antioxidant Medicine: An Insight into Its Molecular Mechanisms of Action

Figure 11

Molecular target modulation—the anticancer effects of honey (adopted from [17]). Bcl-2 = B cell lymphoma 2; Bcl-xL = B cell lymphoma extra large; Cyt. C = cytochrome C; MAPK = mitogen-activated protein kinase; NF-κB = nuclear factor kappa B; Akt = altered PI3 kinase; IRS-1 = insulin receptor substrate; IL = interleukin; COX-2 = cyclooxygenase 2; TNF-α = tumour necrosis factor alpha; iNOS = inducible nitric oxide synthase; IκBα = inhibitor of kappa B; PARP = poly ADP-ribose polymerase.