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Oxidation markers |
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Lipids |
(i) Conjugated dienes (CD) |
(ii) Aldehydic products (a) Malondialdehyde (MDA) (b) 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE) |
(iii) Alkane exhalation |
(iv) Total hydroperoxides (LOOH) |
(v) Oxidized LDL (oxo-LDL) |
(vi) F2-isoprostanes (F2-Iso) |
(vii) Advanced lipid peroxidation end products (ALEs) |
DNA |
(i) Nucleotide oxidation (a) 8-hydroxy-guanosine (8OHG) (b) 8-hydroxy-desoxyguanosine (8OHdG) (c) Thymidine glycol (d) 7,8-dihydroxy-8-oxo-2-deoxyguanosine (8oxodG) (e) 5-chlorouracil |
(ii) Deoxyribose oxidation |
Proteins |
(i) Protein carbonyls |
(ii) Advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) |
(iii) Amino acid oxidation (a) 3-nitro-tyrosine (b) 3-chloro-tyrosine |
(iv) Ischemia-modified albumin (IMA) |
(v) Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) |
Oxidants |
(i) Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) |
(ii) Superoxide anion radical (O2−⋅) |
(iii) Nitric oxide (NO⋅) |
Antioxidant markers |
Nonenzymatic |
(i) Vitamins (A, C, E) |
(ii) Metals (Se, Zn) |
(iii) Glutathione and cysteine |
(iv) Uric acid |
Enzymes |
(i) Superoxide dismutase (SOD) |
(ii) Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) |
(iii) Glutathione reductase (GR) |
(iv) Catalase (CAT) |
Nonenzymatic antioxidant capacity |
(i) Oxygen radical antioxidant capacity (ORAC) |
(ii) Total radical-trapping antioxidant parameter (TRAP) |
(iii) Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) |
(iv) Total antioxidant status (TAS) |
(v) Ferric reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP) |
(vi) Antioxidant gap |
(vii) Biological antioxidant potential (BAP) |
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