Oxidative Stress Indexes for Diagnosis of Health or Disease in Humans

Table 2

Characteristics and findings of studies that used different individual oxidant and antioxidant biomarkers and calculated a ratio.

Author, year [reference]	Study design/country	Population (age, sex)/sample size	Biological sample/ratio used	Clinical event	Results	Conclusion
Pabón A. et al., 2003 [17]	Cross-sectional/Colombia	Adults (15-37 y, both sexes)/84 subjects with malaria; 23 control subjects	Plasma, erythrocyte/MDA:TAS; MDA : GPx	Noncomplicated malaria	MDA/TAS index was 3.5-fold more in patients. MDA/GPx index was increased by 6-fold.	High OS in patients with malaria. Recommended MDA/TAS as OS marker.
Harma M. et al., 2003 [18]	Cross-sectional/Turkey	Adults (mean 30 y, female)/38 women with CHM; 31 healthy subjects	Plasma/FRAP : TP	Complete hydatidiform mole (CHM)	The mean FRAP/TP index was higher in patients with CHM than in healthy pregnant women.	The authors did not conclude about the FRAP/TP ratio.
Kocyigit A. et al., 2004 [19]	Cross-sectional/Turkey	Children (2-13 y, both sexes)/42 asthmatic children; 30 healthy children	Plasma/MDA : TAC	Asthma	MDA/TAC ratio was significantly higher in patients.	The authors did not conclude about the MDA/TAC ratio directly.
Agha-Hosseini F. et al., 2012 [20]	Cross-sectional/Iran	Adults (25-82 y, both sexes)/32 subjects with OLP; 26 subjects with OSCC; 30 healthy subjects	Saliva/FRAP : MDA	Oral lichen planus (OLP); Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC)	FRAP/MDA ratio was lower in patients with OSCC than both OLP and control.; FRAP/MDA ratio was lower in patients with OLP compared to control.	Patients with OLP and OSCC are susceptible to an imbalance of antioxidant-OS.
Venturini D. et al. 2015 [21]	Intervention study/Brazil	Adults (, both sexes)/21 subjects in fish oil group; 26 subjects in fish oil+extra virgin olive oil group; 13 subjects in extra virgin olive oil group; 42 control subjects	Plasma/TRAP : AOPP; AOPP : TRAP	Metabolic syndrome (MetS)	There was an increase in TRAP/AOPP index and a decrease in AOPP/TRAP index in users of fish oil-extra virgin olive oil (FOO) compared with fish oil.	The fish oil and extra virgin olive oil have beneficial synergistic effects on OS, using the ratio, in patients with MetS.
de Almeida J. P. et al., 2016 [22]	Cross-sectional/Brazil	Adults (46-60 y, both sexes)/32 subjects with HCV+HypoD; 26 subjects with HCV+Normal D; 89 control subjects	Plasma/AOPP : TRAP	Chronic hepatitis C (HCV) and hypovitaminosis D (HypoD)	HCV patients with hypovitaminosis D had higher AOPP/TRAP.	The authors did not conclude directly about the AOPP/TRAP.
Costa NT. et al., 2016 [23]	Cross-sectional/Brazil	Adults (18-70 y, both sexes)/91 RA patients without IR; 82 RA patients with IR; 97 healthy	Plasma/AOPP : TRAP	Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and insulin resistance (IR)	The patients with IR had higher AOPP/TRAP compared to the patients without IR and not using antitumor necrosis factor-α.	The authors did not conclude directly about the AOPP/TRAP.
Becatti M. et al., 2018 [24]	Longitudinal/Australia	Adults (, female)/45 infertile women; 45 control women	Plasma, follicular fluid (FF)/ORAC : MDA	Infertile women undergoing assisted reproductive technology procedures	The plasma ORAC/MDA ratio was about 3.4-fold lower than the control, and the FF ratio was about sixfold lower than the control. Both the plasma and FF ratios results were correlated.	The use of these ratios could help define the critical role of OS markers and their optimum levels in the female reproductive system.

AOPP: advanced oxidation protein products; FRAP: ferric reducing antioxidant potential; GPx: glutathione peroxidase; MDA: malondialdehyde; OS: oxidative stress; TAC: total antioxidant capacity; TAS: total antioxidant status; TP: total peroxides; TRAP: total radical-trapping antioxidant parameter.