Oxidative Stress Indexes for Diagnosis of Health or Disease in Humans

Table 9

Characteristics and findings of studies that use the oxidative stress score (SS) in Mexicans.

Author, year [ref]	Study design	Population (age, sex)/sample size	Main outcome	Results	Conclusion
Sánchez-Rodríguez MA. et al. 2005 [141]	Clinical trial	Older adults; (, both sexes)/63 subjects with exercise and antioxidant diet; 63 subjects with vitamins E 400 UI–C 500 mg/d; 63 subjects with vitamins E 400 UI–C 1000 mg/d; 80 controls	Effect of moderate physical exercise and antioxidant diet in comparison to oral vitamins C and E vs. severe OS	All groups with treatment after 1y had SS lower compared with pretest.; Only 6 elderlies in the vitamin groups have severe OS after 1 y.	Moderate physical exercise and antioxidant diet have similar effect against severe OS than antioxidant vitamins in healthy elderlies.
Sánchez-Rodríguez MA. et al., 2006 [140]	Cross-sectional	Older adults; (, both sexes)/121 subjects from Mexico City; 85 subjects from a rural residence	To compare different OS marker vs. an integral score that considers oxidized biomolecules and the antioxidant (enzymatic and nonenzymatic) systems	Only SOD activity was similar in both groups.; In urban residence, 42% of elderly had severe OS compared with 10% of the subjects of rural residence.	The proposed SS may be useful for assessing the severity of OS.
Sánchez-Rodríguez MA. et al., 2006 [138]	Cross-sectional	Older adults (, both sexes)/104 subjects from Mexico City; 85 subjects from a rural area	Association between OS and cognitive impairment (CI) in elderly residents from rural and urban areas	Greater proportion of subjects with OS and CI in urban than in rural areas, being a risk factor.; Higher OS and CI were observed in subjects >80 y of the urban area.	Elderly from urban area have more OS and greater risk of develop CI than inhabitants of rural communities.
Beristain-Pérez AS. et al., 2006 [142]	Cross-sectional	Older adults (, both sexes)/33 subjects with DM; 40 subjects with AH; 26 subjects with OA; 63 healthy subjects	OS as risk factor for chronic degenerative diseases (CDD): type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM), arterial hypertension (AH), or osteoarthritis (OA) in older adults	OS was higher in DM and AH subjects.; OS is a risk factor for CDD.	The OS is a risk factor for CDD, mainly for DM and AH subjects.
Sánchez-Rodríguez MA. et al., 2007 [143]	Case-control study	Older adults (, both sexes)/; 44 subjects with osteoporosis; 50 healthy subjects	OS as an independent risk factor for osteoporosis in older adults	OS was higher in subjects with osteoporosis.; OS is a significant risk factor for osteoporosis.	OS is a risk factor for osteoporosis.
Sánchez-Rodríguez MA. et al., 2010 [144]	Cross-sectional	Older adults (, both sexes)/63 with MetS; 50 healthy	Association between the number of metabolic syndrome (MetS) components and OS.	The percentage of severe OS in subjects with MetS was higher.; The risk for OS increases with the number of components.	MetS is linked to severe OxS, and the risk for OS increases with the number of MetS components.
Mendoza-Núñez VM. et al., 2011 [145]	Cross-sectional	Adults and older adults (both sexes)/56 healthy adults (); 60 DM adults (); 40 healthy older adults (); 72 DM older adults ()	Assess the additive effect of diabetes mellitus (DM) and aging on OS	DM is a risk factor for OS and a stronger factor in older subjects.	Aging and DM exerts an additive effect over the OS.
Sánchez-Rodríguez MA. et al., 2012 [146]	Cross-sectional	Adults (women); 94 premenopausal (); 93 postmenopausal ()	Influence of menopause as a risk factor for OS	SS was higher in postmenopause. There is an increase in the percentage of severe OS in postmenopausal women.	The decrease of estrogens in the postmenopause can cause OS, together with the symptoms of this period.
Rosado-Pérez J. et al., 2013 [147]	Quasiexperimental study	Older adults (60-74 y, both sexes)/43 subjects walking; 31 subjects in tai chi; 23 control subjects	Effect of the practice of tai chi and walking on OS	SS decrease in the tai chi and walking groups, but more evident in the tai chi group.	The practice of tai chi produces an antioxidant effect better than walking.
Sánchez-Rodríguez MA. et al., 2016 [148]	Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial	Adults (, women); 25 heathy with HT; 25 healthy with placebo; 25 MetS with HT; 25 MetS with placebo	Effect of oral hormone therapy (HT) (1 mg/day of estradiol valerate plus 5 mg/10 day of medroxyprogesterone) on OS in postmenopausal women with metabolic syndrome (MetS).	SS decrease after 6 mo in the two groups with HT, more evident in the women with MetS.; The proportion of women with OS decreases in both groups of women with HT.	HT improves OS associated with MetS in postmenopause.
Sánchez-Rodríguez MA. et al., 2017 [149]	Cross-sectional	Adults (40-59 y, women); 101 premenopausal; 101 postmenopausal	Relationship between OS with psychological disturbances, low self-esteem, and low quality of life in the postmenopause	Women with low self-esteem and low quality of life had higher SS.	OS is increased in women with low self-esteem and low quality of life.
Mendoza-Núñez VM. et al., 2018 [150]	Quasiexperimental study	Older adults with MetS (60-74 y, both sexes); 60 subjects in TC; 50 control group	Effect of tai chi (TC) exercise on OS in older adults with metabolic syndrome (MetS)	Decrease in the SS after TC training.; The percentage of subjects with OS in the TC group decreases after 6 mo.	The TC exercise has an antioxidative effect in the older adults with MetS.
Rosado-Pérez J., et al., 2019 [151]	Exploratory study of a single group	Older adults (, both sexes)/12 subjects	Effect of the dried fruit powder of Sechium edule (chayote) on OS in older adults with metabolic syndrome (MetS).	SS decrease after 6 weeks of treatment.	The dry Sechium edule has an antioxidant effect in older adults with MetS.

All studies defined OS using the stress score (SS).