Potential Role of Nutrient Intake and Malnutrition as Predictors of Uremic Oxidative Toxicity in Patients with End-Stage Renal Disease

Table 4

Energy-adjusted vitamin and mineral dietary intake^† by hemodialysis patients () stratified according to the global objective assessment (GOA).

Variables	Nutritional risk/mild malnutrition ()	Moderate malnutrition ()	value	DR^§
Dietary intake (g/kg)^a			<0.001	(-)
Energy intake (kcal/kg)^a			<0.001	(-)
Carbohydrate (g/kg/d)^a			<0.001	45-65% EI
Lipid (g/kg/d)			0.002	20-30% EI
Protein (g/kg/d)			0.009	0.8-1.6
Iron (mg/d)			<0.001	8-18
Manganese (μg/d)			0.137	11
Selenium (μg/d)			<0.001	55
Zinc (mg/d)			<0.001	8-11
Vitamin C (mg/d)			0.029	75-90
Vitamin E (mg/d)			0.793	15

^†Data obtained from a 24-hour dietary recall interview. One patient with adequate nutrition in GOA was excluded. ^§DR: daily recommendation according U.S. National Institutes of Health. ^(-)Based on the basal metabolic rate and the level of physical activity. EI: energy intake. ^a,bData adjusted by ^abody mass and ^bresidual method. Values expressed as the . values in bold indicate statistical difference among the groups stratified according to GOA ().