The Molecular Blueprint for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): A New Paradigm for Diagnosis and Therapeutics

Table 1

Pro-inflammatory signaling pathway inhibitors for COPD.

S. no.	Inhibitor/drug	Mechanism/effect	Clinical progress	References
1	RV568	P38MAPK pathway inhibitor	No effect; (NCT01475292); (NCT01661244)	[135]
2	Nemiralisib; (GSK2269557)	PI3K inhibitor	28 Days treatment; (NCT02294734); 84 Days treatment; (NCT02522299)	[136]
3	RV1729	PI3K inhibitor	Phase I Trial, limited efficacy (NCT02140346)	[136, 137]
4	VIP (vasoactive intestinal peptide)	Increases cAMP, adenylate cyclase, and phospholipase C	3 Months inhaled treatment; (NCT00464932)	[138, 139]
5	Adenosine A2A receptor; (UK-432097)	cAMP enhancer	No effect; (NCT00430300)	[140, 141]
6	AZD1981	Prostaglandin D2 receptor inhibitor	No effect; (NCT00690482)	[142]
7	Bimosiamose	Selectins inhibitor	28 Days inhalation treatment; (NCT01108913)	[143]