The Molecular Blueprint for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): A New Paradigm for Diagnosis and Therapeutics

Table 3

Cytokine and chemokine receptor inhibitors for COPD.

S. no.	Inhibitor/drug	Mechanism/effect	Clinical progress	References
1	Tocilizumab	IL-6 inhibitor	Clinical trials need further study	[159]
2	Canakinumab	IL-1β inhibitor	Phase I/II RDBPCES	[160]
3	Infliximab	TNF-α inhibitor	No effect; (NCT00056264)	[161–163]
4	Etanercept	TNF-α inhibitor	90 Days treatment of COPD (NCT00789997)	[164]
5	AZD4818	CCR1 inhibitor	No effect; (NCT00629239)	[165]
6	AZD2423	CCR1 inhibitor	A study completed statistical analysis not released; (NCT012115279)	[166]
7	Navarixin; (MK-7123)	CXCR2 inhibitor	6 Months of study. Improvement in FEV1 (NCT01006616) (NCT00441701)	[166, 167]
8	AZD5069	CXCR2 inhibitor	4 Weeks treatment; (NCT01233232)	[166]
9	BIIL 284	LTB4 receptor inhibitor	Clinical study done; (NCT02249247); (NCT02249338)	[168]
10	Zileuton	5-LO inhibitor	No effect in treatment; (NCT00493974)	[169]
11	Mepolizumab	IL-5 inhibitor	26–52 Weeks treatment; (NCT02105948, NCT01463644, NCT02105961)	[170]
12	Benralizumab	IL-5Rα inhibitor	No effect; (NCT01227278)	[171]
13	Lebrikizumab	IL-13 inhibitor	Decline in COPD exacerbation and lung function; (NCT02546700)	[172, 173]