ACA-28, an ERK MAPK Signaling Modulator, Exerts Anticancer Activity through ROS Induction in Melanoma and Pancreatic Cancer Cells

Figure 2

ACA-28 comprehensively upregulates the expression of genes in selected pathways. (a and b) GSEA plots showing a significant increase in genes associated with unfolded protein response (a) and genes associated with the Nrf2 pathway (b) in ACA-28-treated cells. (c) GSEA plots showing a significant increase in genes induced by Nrf2 overexpression (IBRAHIM_Nrf2_UP) and genes having the Nrf2 motif in the regions spanning 4 kb centered on their transcription starting sites (−2 kb, +2 kb) (Nrf2_Q4) in the treatment group. (d) GSEA plots showing a significant increase in genes associated with MAPK signaling (KEGG_MAPK_SIGNALING_PATHWAY) and apoptosis (HALLMARK_APOPTOSIS) in the treatment group. Treatment, cells treated with ACA-28; Control, cells treated with DMSO; NES, normalized enrichment score; FDRq, false discovery rate q-value.

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