Copyright © 2012 Joana Paixão et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Linked References

1. T. C. Wallace, “Anthocyanins in cardiovascular disease,” Advances in Nutrition, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 1–7, 2011.
2. L. S. Wang and G. D. Stoner, “Anthocyanins and their role in cancer prevention,” Cancer Letters, vol. 269, no. 2, pp. 281–290, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
3. D. Tousoulis, A. M. Kampoli, N. Papageorgiou et al., “Pathophysiology of atherosclerosis: the role of inflammation,” Current Pharmaceutical Design, vol. 17, no. 37, pp. 4089–4110, 2011.
4. A. J. Lusis, “Atherosclerosis,” Nature, vol. 407, no. 6801, pp. 233–241, 2000. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
5. H. Ischiropoulos, L. Zhu, and J. S. Beckman, “Peroxynitrite formation from macrophage-derived nitric oxide,” Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, vol. 298, no. 2, pp. 446–451, 1992. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
6. J. P. Cooke, “Flow, NO, and atherogenesis,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 100, no. 3, pp. 768–770, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
7. V. M. Darley-Usmar, N. Hogg, V. J. O'Leary, M. T. Wilson, and S. Moncada, “The simultaneous generation of superoxide and nitric oxide can initiate lipid peroxidation in human low density lipoprotein,” Free Radical Research Communications, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 9–20, 1992. View at Scopus
8. C. Szabó, “Multiple pathways of peroxynitrite cytotoxicity,” Toxicology Letters, vol. 140-141, pp. 105–112, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
9. T. C. P. Dinis, C. L. Santos, and L. M. Almeida, “The apoprotein is the preferential target for peroxynitrite-induced LDL damage protection by dietary phenolic acids,” Free Radical Research, vol. 36, no. 5, pp. 531–543, 2002. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
10. G. Peluffo and R. Radi, “Biochemistry of protein tyrosine nitration in cardiovascular pathology,” Cardiovascular Research, vol. 75, no. 2, pp. 291–302, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
11. P. Pacher, J. S. Beckman, and L. Liaudet, “Nitric oxide and peroxynitrite in health and disease,” Physiological Reviews, vol. 87, no. 1, pp. 315–424, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
12. P. M. Brito, N. F. Simões, L. M. Almeida, and T. C. P. Dinis, “Resveratrol disrupts peroxynitrite-triggered mitochondrial apoptotic pathway: a role for Bcl-2,” Apoptosis, vol. 13, no. 8, pp. 1043–1053, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
13. M. M. Rahman, T. Ichiyanagi, T. Komiyama, Y. Hatano, and T. Konishi, “Superoxide radical- and peroxynitrite-scavenging activity of anthocyanins; structure-activity relationship and their synergism,” Free Radical Research, vol. 40, no. 9, pp. 993–1002, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
14. J. Paixão, T. C. P. Dinis, and L. M. Almeida, “Dietary anthocyanins protect endothelial cells against peroxynitrite-induced mitochondrial apoptosis pathway and Bax nuclear translocation: an in vitro approach,” Apoptosis, pp. 1–14, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
15. I. Serraino, L. Dugo, P. Dugo et al., “Protective effects of cyanidin-3-O-glucoside from blackberry extract against peroxynitrite-induced endothelial dysfunction and vascular failure,” Life Sciences, vol. 73, no. 9, pp. 1097–1114, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
16. M. F. F. Chong, R. MacDonald, and J. A. Lovegrove, “Fruit polyphenols and CVD risk: a review of human intervention studies,” British Journal of Nutrition, vol. 104, supplement 3, pp. S28–S39, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
17. E. E. Mulvihill and M. W. Huff, “Antiatherogenic properties of flavonoids: implications for cardiovascular health,” The Canadian journal of cardiology, vol. 26, A, pp. 17A–21A, 2010. View at Scopus
18. G. Mazza, “Anthocyanins in grapes and grape products,” Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, vol. 35, no. 4, pp. 341–371, 1995. View at Scopus
19. T. K. McGhie and M. C. Walton, “The bioavailability and absorption of anthocyanins: towards a better understanding,” Molecular Nutrition and Food Research, vol. 51, no. 6, pp. 702–713, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
20. K. A. Youdim, A. Martin, and J. A. Joseph, “Incorporation of the elderberry anthocyanins by endothelial cells increases protection against oxidative stress,” Free Radical Biology and Medicine, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 51–60, 2000. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
21. J. He and M. M. Giusti, “Anthocyanins: natural colorants with health-promoting properties,” Annual Review of Food Science Technology, vol. 1, pp. 163–187, 2010.
22. C. Manach, G. Williamson, C. Morand, A. Scalbert, and C. Rémésy, “Bioavailability and bioefficacy of polyphenols in humans. I. Review of 97 bioavailability studies,” The American journal of clinical nutrition, vol. 81, supplement 1, pp. 230S–242S, 2005. View at Scopus
23. R. L. Prior and X. Wu, “Anthocyanins: structural characteristics that result in unique metabolic patterns and biological activities,” Free Radical Research, vol. 40, no. 10, pp. 1014–1028, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
24. U. Nöthlings, M. B. Schulze, C. Weikert et al., “Intake of vegetables, legumes, and fruit, and risk for all-cause, cardiovascular, and cancer mortality in a European diabetic population,” Journal of Nutrition, vol. 138, no. 4, pp. 775–781, 2008. View at Scopus
25. S. de Pascual-Teresa, D. A. Moreno, and C. García-Viguera, “Flavanols and anthocyanins in cardiovascular health: a review of current evidence,” International Journal of Molecular Sciences, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 1679–1703, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
26. M. P. Kähkönen and M. Heinonen, “Antioxidant activity of anthocyanins and their aglycons,” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, vol. 51, no. 3, pp. 628–633, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
27. A. Bub, B. Watzl, D. Heeb, G. Rechkemmer, and K. Briviba, “Malvidin-3-glucoside bioavailability in humans after ingestion of red wine, dealcoholized red wine and red grape juice,” European Journal of Nutrition, vol. 40, no. 3, pp. 113–120, 2001. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
28. P. M. Brito, A. Mariano, L. M. Almeida, and T. C. P. Dinis, “Resveratrol affords protection against peroxynitrite-mediated endothelial cell death: a role for intracellular glutathione,” Chemico-Biological Interactions, vol. 164, no. 3, pp. 157–166, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
29. F. Denizot and R. Lang, “Rapid colorimetric assay for cell growth and survival—modifications to the tetrazolium dye procedure giving improved sensitivity and reliability,” Journal of Immunological Methods, vol. 89, no. 2, pp. 271–277, 1986. View at Scopus
30. N. W. Kooy, J. A. Royall, H. Ischiropoulos, and J. S. Beckman, “Peroxynitrite-mediated oxidation of dihydrorhodamine 123,” Free Radical Biology and Medicine, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 149–156, 1994. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
31. B. Halliwell and M. Whiteman, “Measuring reactive species and oxidative damage in vivo and in cell culture: how should you do it and what do the results mean?” British Journal of Pharmacology, vol. 142, no. 2, pp. 231–255, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
32. M. Whiteman, J. S. Armstrong, N. S. Cheung et al., “Peroxynitrite mediates calcium-dependent mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death via activation of calpains,” FASEB Journal, vol. 18, no. 12, pp. 1395–1397, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
33. R. L. Levine, J. A. Williams, E. R. Stadtman, and E. Shacter, “Carbonyl assays for determination of oxidatively modified proteins,” Methods in Enzymology, vol. 233, pp. 346–357, 1994. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
34. M. Reers, “J-aggregate formation of a carbocyanine as a quantitative fluorescent indicator of membrane potential,” Biochemistry, vol. 30, no. 18, pp. 4480–4486, 1991. View at Scopus
35. C. L. Murrant and M. B. Reid, “Detection of reactive oxygen and reactive nitrogen species in skeletal muscle,” Microscopy Research and Technique, vol. 55, no. 4, pp. 236–248, 2001. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
36. E. Shacter, “Quantification and significance of protein oxidation in biological samples,” Drug Metabolism Reviews, vol. 32, no. 3-4, pp. 307–326, 2000. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
37. R. L. Levine, D. Garland, C. N. Oliver et al., “Determination of carbonyl content in oxidatively modified proteins,” Methods in Enzymology, vol. 186, pp. 464–478, 1990. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
38. G. M. Cohen, “Caspases: the executioners of apoptosis,” Biochemical Journal, vol. 326, part 1, pp. 1–16, 1997. View at Scopus
39. M. L. Circu and T. Y. Aw, “Reactive oxygen species, cellular redox systems, and apoptosis,” Free Radical Biology and Medicine, vol. 48, no. 6, pp. 749–762, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
40. A. Gross, J. M. McDonnell, and S. J. Korsmeyer, “BCL-2 family members and the mitochondria in apoptosis,” Genes and Development, vol. 13, no. 15, pp. 1899–1911, 1999. View at Scopus
41. T. Tsuda, “Dietary anthocyanin-rich plants: biochemical basis and recent progress in health benefits studies,” Molecular Nutrition and Food Research, vol. 56, no. 1, pp. 159–170, 2012.
42. J. A. Ross and C. M. Kasum, “Dietary flavonoids: bioavailability, metabolic effects, and safety,” Annual Review of Nutrition, vol. 22, pp. 19–34, 2002. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
43. A. S. Pannala, S. Singh, and C. Rice-Evans, “Flavonoids as peroxynitrite scavengers in vitro,” Methods in Enzymology A, vol. 299, pp. 207–235, 1998. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
44. L. Marzocchella, M. Fantini, M. Benvenuto et al., “Dietary flavonoids: molecular mechanisms of action as anti-inflammatory agents,” Recent Patents on Inflammation Allergy Drug Discovery, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 200–220, 2011.
45. A. Mauray, C. Felgines, C. Morand, A. Mazur, A. Scalbert, and D. Milenkovic, “Nutrigenomic analysis of the protective effects of bilberry anthocyanin-rich extract in apo E-deficient mice,” Genes and Nutrition, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 343–353, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
46. E. Shacter, “Protein oxidative damage,” Methods in Enzymology, vol. 319, pp. 428–436, 2000. View at Scopus
47. C. Szabó, H. Ischiropoulos, and R. Radi, “Peroxynitrite: biochemistry, pathophysiology and development of therapeutics,” Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, vol. 6, no. 8, pp. 662–680, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus