Table 1: Experimental approaches that prevent testicular and sperm damage during environmental hypoxia.

Hypobaric hypoxia Treatment Mechanism Results versus injury Reference Acute Cyproheptadine 5-HT receptor blocker ▼Effects on spermatogenesis and testosterone production [40] Chronic Caloric restriction ? Suppresses early rise in testosterone [31] Intermittent Ascorbic acid ▼Oxidative stress in testis and epididymis ▲Glutathione reductase activity in testis and epididymis ▲ Sperm count Reversedthe effectsof oxidative stress intestis, epididymis, and sperm cells [41] Intermittent Melatonin (oral administration) Preventsoxidativedamageof enzymes like superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase Protective effect against lipid peroxidation under oxidative stress and reduction in sperm motility [42] Intermittent Melatonin (intraperitoneal administration) ▼ Levels of LH and FSH Inhibition of aromatase No protective effect in testis, and epididymis No prevention of reduction in the numbers of sperm cells [43] Chronic and intermittent Ibuprofen Decreases hypoxia-induced vasodilation? Protective effect against hypoxia-induced seminal lipid peroxidation [42]