Palaeopopulations of Late Pleistocene Top Predators in Europe: Ice Age Spotted Hyenas and Steppe Lions in Battle and Competition about Prey

Figure 2

Crocuta crocuta spelaea (Goldfuss, 1823) ontogenetically skull shape change and three main skull shape types across Europe (composed from [17] and new material). (1) Sibbling skull (with cannibalistic damage) in tooth change from Srbsko Chlum-Komín Cave, Czech Republic (NMP No. R3779), (a) lateral and (b) dorsal. (2) Young cub with last tooth change of the canine from Ukraine (UZM without no.), (a) lateral and (b) dorsal. (3) Skull of an older cub with fully changed permanent dentition from Perick Caves, Germany (SNSD No. Sundwig-15), (a) lateral and (b) dorsal. (4) Skull of an early adult with few used teeth and still unfused brain case sutures from Badel Cave, Austria (MOM No. F1), dorsal. (5) Skull (with cannibalistic damage) of a male from Perick Caves, Germany (BMNHL No. 28557), (a) lateral and (b) dorsal. (6) Skull (with cannibalistic damage) from Perick Caves, Germany (SNSD Sundwig-14), (a) lateral and (b) dorsal. (7) Skull from Teufelskammer Cave, Germany (RE No. 554 791 A1005), (a) lateral and (b) dorsal. (8) Skull (with cannibalistic damage) from Erkenbrechtsweiler open air karst site, Germany (SMNS No. 19062a), (a) lateral mirrored and (b) dorsal. (9) Early adult female skull (with cannibalistic damage) from Bad Wildungen-Biedensteg open air site, Germany (HMBW No. Bi-52/45), (a) lateral mirrored and (b) dorsal. (10) Skull of a male from Trmice open air loess site, Czech Republic (MB.Ma.902), (a) lateral and (b) dorsal. (11) Adult skull from Königsaue, Germany (LSDA No. HK-62 : 248), (a) lateral and (b) dorsal. (12) Old adult female skull (with cannibalistic damage) from Döbritz Cave, Germany (MB No. Ma.44381), (a) lateral and (b) dorsal. (13) Old adult skull (with cannibalistic damage) of a female from Perick Caves, Germany (NMB No. Heinr-1), (a) lateral and (b) dorsal. (14) Adult skull from Zoolithen Cave, Germany (GMB No. M.2609; Holotype in Goldfuss, 1823), (a) lateral and (b) dorsal. (15) High adult skull (with cannibalistic damage) of a female from Perick Caves, Germany (BMNHL No. 28558), (a) lateral and (b) dorsal. (16) Adult skull, with lower jaw, of a female from Sloup Cave, Czech Republic (NHMW No. 2008z0087/0000), (a) lateral mirrored and (b) dorsal. (17) Old adult skull of a female with lower jaw (with cannibalistic damage) from Zoolithen Cave, Germany (UE No. GL 77/203 and 28/509; Paratype in Diedrich, 2011e). (18) Old adult skull (with cannibalistic damage) from Sandfort Hill Cave, England (TM No. 44/1995/695; original to Reynolds, 1902), (a) lateral and (b) dorsal. (19) Old adult skull (with cannibalistic damage) from Sandfort Hill Cave, England (TM No. 45/1995/407; original to Reynolds, 1902), (a) lateral and (b) dorsal. (20) High adult skull from Thiede open air gypsum karst site, Germany (MB No. Ma.49139.1), (a) lateral mirrored and (b) dorsal. (21) High adult skull of a male from Ketsch-Kreuzwiese Rhine River terrace open air site, Germany (SMNS No. 6617.7.3.62.1), (a) lateral and (b) dorsal. (22) Old adult skull-composite from Bottrop open air site and Emscher River terrace open air site, Germany (MFUOB without No.), (a) lateral and (b) dorsal. (23) High adult skull of a female from Oase Cave, Romania (SIRB No. Oases crocuta-1), (a) lateral and (b) dorsal. (24) High adult skull from Irpfel Cave, Germany (SMNS No. AH262), (a) lateral mirrored and (b) dorsal. (25) Adult skull (with cannibalistic damage) from Sloup Cave, Czech Republic (NHMW No. 2008z0087/0002), (a) lateral mirrored and (b) dorsal. (26) High adult skull of a male from Westeregeln gypsum karst open air site (MLU.IFG No. WEgeln-13A-B), (a) lateral and (b) dorsal. (27) Adult skull from Badel Cave, Austria (WMM No. F2), (a) lateral and (b) dorsal. (28) Deformed high adult skull (with cannibalistic damage) of a female from Bad Wildungen-Biedensteg open air site, Germany (HMBW No. Bi-10at), (a) lateral and (b) dorsal. (29) High adult skull of a female from Gernsheim, Germany (MSG without no.), (a) lateral (mirrored) and (b) dorsal. (30) High adult skull from Doesburg near Arnheim, Germany (RE without no.), (a) lateral (mirrored) and (b) dorsal. (31) Young adult skull from Pin Hole Cave, England (MMU No.65/7), lateral mirrored. (32) Adult skull from the Mladeč Cave, Czech Republic (AMB No. 2644), lateral. (33) Young adult skull of a female from Srbsko Chlum-Komín Cave, Czech Republic (NMP No. R1067), (a) lateral and (b) dorsal. (34) Old adult skull from the female skeleton of Výpustek Cave, Czech Republic (NHMW No. A5529), (a) lateral mirrored and (b) dorsal. (35) Adult skull (with cannibalistic damage) from the Javorka Cave, Czech Republic (AMB No. OK114891), (a) lateral and (b) dorsal. (36) High adult skull (with frontal bite impact in the process of healing) from Irpfel Cave, Germany (SMNS No. 7.801), (a) lateral and (b) dorsal. (37) High adult skull of a male from Gernsheim, Germany (MSG without no.), (a) lateral (mirrored) and (b) dorsal. (38) Senile skull with 𝑃⁴ dental pathology from Crumstadt, Germany (HLMD without no), lateral.