Palaeopopulations of Late Pleistocene Top Predators in Europe: Ice Age Spotted Hyenas and Steppe Lions in Battle and Competition about Prey

<table>Ice Age steppe lion <i>Panthera leo spelaea</i> (Goldfuss, 1810) distribution (a) worldwide and (b) important sites in central Europe during Early/Middle Late Pleistocene before LGM (113.000–24.000 BP) (composed from different sources; see reference list). (c) Lion skeletons and remains in Late Pleistocene cave bear dens of Europe. (d) Articulated diseased lioness skeleton from Neumark-Nord Lake I (D) elephant graveyard (from [<a href="/journals/paleontology/2014/106203/#B79">61</a>]) and subadult diseased lioness from Srbsko Chlum-Komín Cave hyena den (CZ) (from [<a href="/journals/paleontology/2014/106203/#B73">62</a>]).</table>

Paleontology Journal

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Figure 4: Palaeopopulations of Late Pleistocene Top Predators in Europe: Ice Age Spotted Hyenas and Steppe Lions in Battle and Competition about Prey 

Figure 4 | Palaeopopulations of Late Pleistocene Top Predators in Europe: Ice Age Spotted Hyenas and Steppe Lions in Battle and Competition about Prey 