Review Article

Metastasis Update: Human Prostate Carcinoma Invasion via Tubulogenesis

Figure 1

Tubulogenesis model of prostate cancer invasion. High-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) gives rise to various degrees of polarity and differentiation of cellular buds. PIN lesions are glandular-type structures characterized by gaps of laminin 10 (brown bar, laminin 10 (511)) and sporadic retention of basal cells (blue) attached to a laminin 5 matrix (laminin 5, 332). Three different patterns of spread (arrows) arise from PIN lesions. Note complete polarity and lumen formation (grade 3), partial lumen formation in cribiform lesion (grades 3-4 depending on size) and lack of lumen formation (grade 5). Importantly, budding occurs in areas where basal cells are lost, and the basal lamina lacks laminin 5 (332); the invasive budding clusters of cells are exposed to laminin 10 (511).
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