Environment as a Potential Key Determinant of the Continued Increase of Prostate Cancer Incidence in Martinique

Table 1

World age-standardized incidence rates (ASRs) of prostate cancer in 2005 in Caribbean, USA, UK, Sweden, metropolitan France, and Martinique. Comparison with percentages of African descents, life expectancy at birth, dietary energy and fat supply, and dietary energy and fat consumption.

Region	ASR 2005 specific registries^a	ASR Globocan 2008^b	African descents^c (%)	LEB^d (years)	DES (kcals)^e	FS (g/person/day)^f	DEC (Cal/person/day)^g	FC (g/person/day)^h
Caribbean
Jamaica	—	51.1	90.9	69	2 558	68	2 808	84
Cuba	29.8	53.8	11	78	3 129	83	3 275	54
Dominican  Republic	—	68.8	84	66	2 310	60	2 298	77
Haiti	—	78.4	95	59	2 006	38	1 835	31
Bahamas	—	78.5	85	71	2 776	91	2 690	93
Trinidad and  Tobago	—	89.4	39.5	66	2 770	71	2 759	77
Guadeloupe	—	94.8	90	76	2 776	84	—	—
Puerto Rico	—	102.2	—	—	—	—	—	—
Barbados	—	140	80	72	3 217	111	2 926	88
USA total	106	83.8	12.6	75	3 642	154	3 826	164
Black	164.8	—		—	—		—	—
White	101.8	—		—	—		—	—
UK	52.2 ^i	62.1	2	77	3 270	142	3 426	137
Sweden	112.4	114.2	1.1	79	2 977	127	3 120	123
metropolitan France	121.2	118.3	N/A	77	3 593	168	3 602	164
Martinique	177	173.7	80	76.5	2 768	84	—	—

^aAge-standardized rates (ASR) are per 100 000 man-year and are age-adjusted to the IARC world standard population. Data source are obtained for Cuba from the Public Health Ministry [11], for USA, from the National Cancer Institute’s Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) 2003–2007 [16], for UK, from the Information Services Division [12], Scotland [13] (see i), for Sweden, from the National Board of Health and Welfare [15], for metropolitan France, from the French National Sanitary Surveillance Institute (InVS) [9], and for Martinique, from AMREC [8].
^bData source for World ASR obtained from Globocan 2008 [10].
^cData source obtained from the Encyclopedia of the Nations [17], the Befolkningsstatistik [19], and the Office by National Statistics [18], for the Caribbean area, Sweden, and UK, respectively. The Caribbean people living in UK represent 1% of the overall population. For France, data are not available (N/A) for ethical considerations and legal regulation. Values are also supposed to be low, within the same range as what is estimated for Sweden and UK.
^dLife expectancy at birth (LEB) (males). Data source obtained from the WHO Core Health Indicators for 2006 (WHO World health statistics, 2008).
^eDietary energy supply (DES), average total kilocalories available per person per day for the period 1988–1990. Data source obtained from FAO food balance sheets. National indices of dietary fat supplies [18, 22].
^fFat supplies (FS) are expressed as average grams of fat available per person per day for the period 1988–1990. Data source obtained from FAO food balance sheets. National indices of dietary fat supplies [18, 22].
^gDietary energy consumption (DEC) (Cal/person/day) for the period 2003–2005. Data source obtained from FAO Statistical Yearbook 2009 [19, 23].
^hFat consumption (FC) (g/person/day) for the period 2003–2005. Data source obtained from FAO Statistical Yearbook 2009 [19, 23].
ⁱASR 2005 determined from specific registries for the whole UK are not available. World ASR are 61.6 for England in 2002 and 52.2 for Scotland in 2005. Europe-ASR for England, Wales and Scotland in 2005 are 95.6, 112.9 and 79.6, respectively.