Relationship of Dietary Intake of Omega-3 and Omega-6 Fatty Acids with Risk of Prostate Cancer Development: A Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies and Review of Literature
Table 1
Detailed summary of included prospective cohort studies and each study quality scoring.
Age, major ancestry, family history of prostate cancer, BMI at age 21 y, height, type 2 diabetes, history of vasectomy, cigarette smoking, physical activity, intake of total energy, intakes of calcium, supplemental vitamin E, and lycopene.
Two 24 hr continuing Surveies of Food Intake by Individual over a year using 137 semiquantitative FFQ (ALA composite per food item)
Omega 3 (ALA)
Quintile
Age, current body mass index, family history of prostate cancer, history of diabetes, smoking history, intake of total energy, lycopene, supplemental vitamin E, aspirin use, physical activity, and race
Age, BMI at age 21 years, height, smoking, physical activity level, family history of prostate cancer, history of diabetes mellitus, race, and intakes of total calories, processed meat, fish, tomato sauce, and vitamin E supplements
Modified diet history seven-day menu book/168 item questionnaire, 45 min interview
Omega 3 and Omega 6
Quintile
Age, diabetes, waist circumference, height, educational level, alcohol habits, BMI, smoking history, birth country, total calcium intake, consumption of fruits, vegetables, and red meat All dietary variables were energy adjusted
12 months abbreviated food (fish) frequency questionnaire
Omega 3 (long-chain )
Quintile
Age, BMI, physical activity, intakes of alcohol, tomato products, dairy products, and meat, smoking, race, use of multivitamins, use of vitamin E supplements