|
| Body fluid | Sample size | Methodology | Key findings | Reference |
|
| Plasma | 25 patients (metastatic PCa), 25 healthy controls | qRT-PCR
(6 miRNAs) | miR-141 levels could differentiate metastatic PCa patients from healthy subjects | Mitchell et al., 2008 [36] |
|
| Serum | 6 patients (stages 2–4 PCa), 8 healthy controls | Microarray (custom) (547 miRNAs) | 15 miRNAs were elevated in PCa patients. However, serum miRNAs could not distinguish between different cancer types | Lodes et al., 2009 [51]
|
|
| Serum | 56 patients (20 localized PCa, 20 androgen-dependent PCa, 10 CRPC2), 6 BPH3 controls | qRT-PCR
(miR-21 only) | miR-21 was elevated in CRPC patients compared to BPH and associated with resistance to docetaxel in CRPC patients | Zhang et al., 2010 [47] |
|
| Serum | 29 patients (9 low risk, 11 intermediate risk, and 9 high risk)1, 9 healthy controls | qRT-PCR
(384 miRNAs) | 10 miRNAs were altered in PCa patients compared to healthy controls. 7 miRNAs were correlated with different risk groups. | Moltzahn et al., 2011 [52] |
|
| Serum | Profiling: 7 high grade, 14 low grade patients. Validation: 116 patients (various grades) | qRT-PCR
(667 miRNAs) | miR-141, miR-200b, and miR-375 were elevated in serum from high-grade patients and correlated with clinicopathological parameters | Brase et al., 2011 [53] |
|
| Plasma | 21 patients (metastatic PCa) | qRT-PCR
(miR-141 only) | miR-141 levels were associated with clinical progression and positively correlated with prostate specific antigen | Gonzales et al., 2011 [54] |
|
| Plasma | 51 patients (18 localized PCa, 8 local advanced, and 25 metastatic), 20 healthy controls | qRT-PCR (miR-21, miR-141, and miR-221) | miR-21 and miR-221 levels were elevated in PCa patients compared to healthy controls. miR-21, miR-141, and miR-221 levels were higher in metastatic compared to localised tumours |
Agaoglu et al., 2011 [55] |
|
| Serum | 45 patients (37 localized PCa, 8 metastatic), 18 BPH controls, and 20 healthy controls | qRT-PCR (5 miRNAs) | miR-26a, miR-195, and let-7i levels were elevated in PCa compared to BPH samples | Mahn et al., 2011 [56] |
|
| Serum | Profiling: 14 TRAMP mice, 14 healthy controls. Validation: 25 patients (metastatic CRPC), 25 healthy controls | Microarray (Affymetrix; 609 murine miRNAs), qRT-PCR (10 human miRNAs) | miR-141, miR-298, miR-346, and miR-375 levels were elevated in metastatic CRPC compared to healthy controls. Expression of miR-375 in primary tumours was associated with biochemical relapse |
Selth et al., 2012[37] |
|
| Plasma, serum, and urine | Profiling: 78 patients (various grades, 15 with diagnosed metastases), 28 healthy controls. Validation: 119 patients (47 recurrent after RP4, 72 nonrecurrent) | qRT-PCR
(742 miRNAs) | 12 circulating miRNAs were at altered levels in PCa patients compared to healthy controls. 16 circulating miRNAs were at altered levels in metastatic versus localised PCa (including miR-141 and miR-375). Urinary levels of miR-107 and miR-574-3p exhibited significant diagnostic value | Bryant et al., 2012 [57] |
|
| Serum | 84 patients (28 low risk localised disease, 30 high risk localised disease, and 26 metastatic CRPC | qRT-PCR
(667 miRNAs) | miR-375, miR-141, miR-378, and miR-409-3p were at altered levels in metastatic CRPC compared localised cancer | Nguyen et al., 2013 [58] |
|
| Plasma | Profiling: 25 patients (localised and metastatic PCa), 17 BHP controls. Validation: 80 patients (localised and metastatic PCa), 44 BHP controls, and 54 healthy controls | Microarray (Illumina; 1146 miRNAs), qRT-PCR (8 miRNAs)
(609 murine miRNAs, 10 human miRNAs) | 5 miRNAs with significant diagnostic value were identified (let-7c, let-7e, miR-30c, miR-622, and miR-1285) | Chen et al., 2012 [59] |
|
| Plasma | 23 patients (15 androgen dependent PCa, 8 CRPC), 20 healthy controls | qRT-PCR
(miR-221 only) | miR-221 was elevated in PCa patients compared to healthy controls, and higher in androgen-dependent PCa compared to CRPC | Zheng et al., 2012 [60] |
|
| Plasma | 82 patients (various risk scores1,5) | qRT-PCR (5 miRNAs) | miR-20a, miR-21, miR-145, and miR-221 were associated with tumour risk scores1,5 | Shen et al., 2012 [61] |
|
| Serum | 72 patients (24 localised prostate cancer, 24 bladder cancer, and 24 renal cell carcinoma), 48 noncancer controls | qRT-PCR (8 putative reference small RNAs and miR-21) | SNORD43 may be a suitable reference gene for the analysis of circulating miRNA in patients with urological malignancies | Sanders et al., 2012 [62] |
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