Cellular Plasticity in Prostate Cancer Bone Metastasis

Table 3

Details of studies analysing expression of EMT/MET markers in PC bone metastases.

Study	Marker	No. of BM specimens	Comparison tissue (No. of specimens)	Results	Significance for differential expression
Bryden et al., 1999 [45]	E-Cadherin	20	Different grades of BM tissues	Decrease in expression with increasing tumour grade	NR
Bryden et al., 2002 [46]	E-Cadherin, β-catenin	14	Matched primary PC (14)	mRNA for both markers was expressed uniformly in 9/14 primary PC. In BM, 6/14 showed negative mRNA for one or both markers and 6/14 expressed both heterogeneously	NR
Lang et al., 2002 [47]	Vimentin	8	Primary (54)	16/54 of primary expressed vimentin with ≤50% staining cells. 7/8 BM expressed vimentin with 100% of cells staining positive in 5 specimens	NR
Chen et al., 2004 [48]	Wnt-1/β-catenin	23 (from 9 patients)	Primary PC (62, from 49 patients); LN (23, from 9 patients)	High Wnt-1/β-catenin in 85% of BM and 77% of LN. Highest expression was observed in BM	for BM (& for LN) versus normal tissues
Saha et al., 2008 [49]	E-Cadherin, β-catenin	17	Primary PC (22); BPH (11)	BM tissues showed higher frequency of homogenous expression of both markers compared to primary PC	for BM versus primary PC
Saha et al., 2008 [50]	E-Cadherin	15	Primary PC (20); BPH (11)	Higher expression of unmethylated gene and homogenous protein in BM compared to primary tissues	for BM versus primary PC
Pontes et al., 2010 [51]	E-Cadherin, β-catenin	28	Matched primary PC (6)	For E-cadherin & β-catenin, respectively, there was abnormal expression in 86% and 82% of 28 BM specimens. In matched specimens, normal expression was seen in 5/6 and 3/6 of primary PC and abnormal expression was seen in 5/6 of BM for both markers	NR
Armstrong et al., 2011 [52]	Vimentin, CK	2	CTCs (10, 2 matched)	Coexpression of vimentin and CK in 10/10 of CTCs Absent vimentin expression in 2/2 of CK-positive BM. Strong vimentin expression in bone stroma	NR
Putzke et al., 2011 [53]	E-Cadherin	109	LN (30); Liver (18); Other (8)	Higher expression in BM compared to all soft tissue metastases	for BM versus all soft tissue metastases
Sethi et al., 2011 [54]	E-Cadherin, Vimentin, PDGF-D, NF-kB, Notch-1, ZEB1	10	Primary PC (10)	Higher expression of Notch-1 in BM compared to primary PC. No quantitative difference in expression for other markers. In primary and BM, EMT markers (vimentin & NF-kB) had higher expression at invasive tumour front than within tumour centre. The opposite pattern was observed for E-cadherin	For BM versus primary PC: for E-cadherin, vimentin, PDGF-D, NF-kB, for Notch-1, NR for ZEB1
Wan et al., 2012 [55]	β-catenin	27	Association with AR expression in BM tissues	Nuclear localization of β-catenin in 10/27 BM specimens. Localization was inversely associated with AR expression	for inverse association between nuclear localization of β-catenin and AR expression

AR: androgen receptor, BM: bone metastasis, BPH: benign prostatic hyperplasia, CK: cytokeratin, CTCs circulating tumour cells, ISH: in situ hybridisation, LN: lymph node, MS-PCR: methylation specific polymerase chain reaction, No.: number, and NR: not reported.