Impulse Control Disorders Following Deep Brain Stimulation of the Subthalamic Nucleus in Parkinson's Disease: Clinical Aspects

Table 3

Measures of impulsivity after deep brain stimulation or dopaminergic pharmacotherapy in patients with Parkinson’s disease.

Study	Outcome measures		PD + DBS	PD + DA	P value
Halbig et al.	Barratt impulsiveness Scale; mean (SD)	“on”; treatment	44.97 (17.29)	36.11 (17.29)	0.04
Czernecki et al.	Stimulus reward association learning (number of trials)*; mean (SEM)	“on”; treatment	19.2 (3.9)	22.6 (5.6)	0.37 (group)**
		“off”; treatment	23.1 (4.6)	28.8 (4.8)
	Reversal* (number in 30 trials); mean (SEM)	“on”; treatment	1.6 (0.2)	1.3 (0.2)	0.48 (group)**
		“off”; treatment	1.3 (0.2)	1.3 (0.2)
	Extinction* (last error); mean (SEM)	“on”; treatment	8.1 (1.1)	14.2 (2.5)	0.13 (group)**
		“off”; treatment	10.5 (1.6)	11.8 (1.9)
	Gambling task; mean (SEM)	“on”; treatment	25.4 (10.2)	13.4 (6.9)	0.39 (group)**
		“off”; treatment	19.4 (9.6)	14.2 (6.4)

In all measures (except the Barratt impulsiveness scale and the extinction test), lower scores indicate higher impulsivity.
^∗Tasks described in Rolls et al. [17]^∗∗ANOVA results of P-value of group effect (patients on stimulation versus patients on medication)
Abbreviations. PD + DBS: patients with Parkinson’s disease who underwent deep brain stimulation surgery; PD + DA: patients with Parkinson’s disease treated with dopaminergic medications (levodopa and/or dopamine agonists); “on” treatment: on medication and stimulation (if applicable) on the time of assessment; “off” treatment: off medication and stimulation.