Copyright © 2012 Anne Marie Bonnet et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Linked References

1. K. R. Chaudhuri, D. Healy, and A. H. V. Shapira, “The non motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease NMS Quest. Diagnosis and management,” The Lancet Neurology, vol. 5, pp. 235–245, 2006.
2. P. Martinez-Martin, C. Rodriguez-Blazquez, K. Abe et al., “International study on the psychometric attributes of the Non-Motor Symptoms Scale in Parkinson disease,” Neurology, vol. 73, no. 19, pp. 1584–1591, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
3. K. R. Chaudhuri, P. Odin, A. Antonini, and P. Martinez-Martin, “Parkinson's disease: the non-motor issues,” Parkinsonism and Related Disorders, vol. 17, no. 10, pp. 717–723, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
4. D. Grosset, L. Taurah, D. J. Burn et al., “A multicentre longitudinal observational study of changes in self reported health status in people with Parkinson's disease left untreated at diagnosis,” Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, vol. 78, no. 5, pp. 465–469, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
5. E. Tolosa, C. Gaig, J. Santamaría, and Y. Compta, “Diagnosis and the premotor phase of Parkinson disease,” Neurology, vol. 72, no. 7, supplement 2, pp. S12–S20, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
6. T. Witjas, E. Kaphan, J. P. Azulay et al., “Nonmotor fluctuations in Parkinson's disease: frequent and disabling,” Neurology, vol. 59, no. 3, pp. 408–413, 2002. View at Scopus
7. P. Barone, A. Antonini, C. Colosimo et al., “The PRIAMO study: a multicenter assessment of nonmotor symptoms and their impact on quality of life in Parkinson's disease,” Movement Disorders, vol. 24, no. 11, pp. 1641–1649, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
8. S. S. O'Sullivan, D. R. Williams, D. A. Gallagher, L. A. Massey, L. Silveira-Moriyama, and A. J. Lees, “Nonmotor symptoms as presenting complaints in Parkinson's disease: a clinicopathological study,” Movement Disorders, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 101–106, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
9. L. M. Shulman, R. L. Taback, J. Bean, and W. J. Weiner, “Comorbity of the nonmotor symptoms of Parkinson's disease,” Movement Disorders, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 507–510, 2001. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
10. P. Martinez-Martin, A. H. V. Shapira, and F. Stocchi, “Prevalence of non motor symptoms in Parkinson’s disease in an international setting; study using non-motor symptoms questionnaire in 545 patients,” Movement Disorders, vol. 22, pp. 1623–1629, 2007.
11. E. C. Wolters, “Non-motor extranigral signs and symptoms in Parkinson's disease,” Parkinsonism and Related Disorders, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. S6–S12, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
12. P. Remy, M. Doder, A. Lees, N. Turjanski, and D. Brooks, “Depression in Parkinson's disease: loss of dopamine and noradrenaline innervation in the limbic system,” Brain, vol. 128, no. 6, pp. 1314–1322, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
13. K. R. Chaudhuri and A. H. Schapira, “Non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease: dopaminergic pathophysiology and treatment,” The Lancet Neurology, vol. 8, no. 5, pp. 464–474, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
14. S. Thobois, C. Ardouin, E. Schmitt et al., “Behavioral disorders in Parkinson's disease: from pathophysiology to the mastery of dopaminergic treatment,” Revue Neurologique, vol. 166, no. 10, pp. 816–821, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
15. V. Voon, P. O. Fernagut, J. Wickens et al., “Chronic dopaminergic stimulation in Parkinson's disease: from dyskinesias to impulse control disorders,” The Lancet Neurology, vol. 8, no. 12, pp. 1140–1149, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
16. A. Schrag, M. Jahanshahi, and N. Quinn, “How does Parkinson’s disease affect quality of life? A comparison with quality of life in the general population,” Movement Disorders, vol. 15, pp. 1112–1118, 2000.
17. K. R. Chaudhuri, P. Martinez-Martin, R. G. Brown et al., “The metric properties of a novel non-motor symptoms scale for Parkinson's disease: results from an international pilot study,” Movement Disorders, vol. 22, no. 13, pp. 1901–1911, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
18. P. Martinez-Martin, C. Rodriguez-Blazquez, M. M. Kurtis, and K. R. Chaudhuri, “The impact of non-motor symptoms on health-related quality of life of patients with Parkinson's disease,” Movement Disorders, vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 399–406, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
19. K. Seppi, D. Weintraub, M. Coelho, et al., “The movement Disorder Society Evidence-Based Medicine Review Update: treatments for the non-motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease,” Movement Disorders, vol. 26, no. 3, pp. S42–S80, 2011.
20. T. Tom and J. L. Cummings, “Depression in Parkinson's disease. Pharmacological characteristics and treatment,” Drugs and Aging, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 55–74, 1998. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
21. B. Ravina, R. Camicioli, P. G. Como et al., “The impact of depressive symptoms in early Parkinson disease,” Neurology, vol. 69, no. 4, pp. 342–347, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
22. J. L. Cummings, “Depression and Parkinson's disease: a review,” American Journal of Psychiatry, vol. 149, no. 4, pp. 443–454, 1992. View at Scopus
23. J. S. A. M. Reijnders, U. Ehrt, W. E. J. Weber, D. Aarsland, and A. F. G. Leentjens, “A systematic review of prevalence studies of depression in Parkinson's disease,” Movement Disorders, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 183–189, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
24. L. C. S. Tan, “Mood disorders in Parkinson’s disease,” Parkinsonism & Related Disorders, vol. 18, supplement 1, pp. S74–S76, 2012.
25. D. Devos, K. Dujardin, I. Poirot et al., “Comparison of desipramine and citalopram treatments for depression in Parkinson's disease: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study,” Movement Disorders, vol. 23, no. 6, pp. 850–857, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
26. M. Menza, R. D. Dobkin, H. Marin et al., “A controlled trial of antidepressants in patients with Parkinson disease and depression,” Neurology, vol. 72, no. 10, pp. 886–892, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
27. R. D. Dobkin, M. Menza, K. L. Bienfait et al., “Depression in Parkinson's disease: symptom improvement and residual symptoms after acute pharmacologic management,” American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 222–229, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
28. L. Marsh, “Anxiety disorders in Parkinson's disease,” International Review of Psychiatry, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 307–318, 2000. View at Scopus
29. A. Nuti, R. Ceravolo, A. Piccini, et al., “Psychiatric comorbidity in a population of Parkinson’s disease patients,” European Journal of Neurology, vol. 11, no. 5, pp. 315–320, 2004.
30. A. F. Leentjens, K. Dujardin, L. Marsh, I. H. Richard, S. E. Starkstein, and P. Martinez-Martin, “Anxiety rating scales in Parkinson's disease: a validation study of the Hamilton anxiety rating scale, the Beck anxiety inventory, and the hospital anxiety and depression scale,” Movement Disorders, vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 407–415, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
31. A. F. G. Leentjens, K. Dujardin, L. Marsh, P. Martinez-Martin, I. H. Richard, and S. E. Starkstein, “Symptomatology and markers of anxiety disorders in Parkinson's disease: a cross-sectional study,” Movement Disorders, vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 484–492, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
32. K. Belzer and F. R. Schneier, “Comorbidity of anxiety and depressive disorders: issues in conceptualization, assessment, and treatment,” Journal of Psychiatric Practice, vol. 10, no. 5, pp. 296–306, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
33. R. G. Brown, “Depression and anxiety subtypes in PD,” Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, vol. 82, no. 7, pp. 803–809, 2011.
34. C. W. Olanow, M. B. Stern, and K. Sethi, “The scientific and clinical basis for the treatment of Parkinson disease (2009),” Neurology, vol. 72, no. 21, supplement 4, pp. S1–S136, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
35. R. S. Marin, “Apathy: a neuropsychiatric syndrome,” Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 243–254, 1991. View at Scopus
36. S. E. Starkstein and A. F. G. Leentjens, “The nosological position of apathy in clinical practice,” Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, vol. 79, no. 10, pp. 1088–1092, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
37. S. E. Starkstein, H. S. Mayberg, T. J. Preziosi, P. Andrezejewski, R. Leiguarda, and R. G. Robinson, “Reliability, validity, and clinical correlates of apathy in Parkinson's disease,” Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 134–139, 1992. View at Scopus
38. P. Sockeel, K. Dujardin, D. Devos, C. Denève, A. Destée, and L. Defebvre, “The Lille apathy rating scale (LARS), a new instrument for detecting and quantifying apathy: validation in Parkinson's disease,” Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, vol. 77, no. 5, pp. 579–584, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
39. J. Benito-León, E. Cubo, and C. Coronell, “Impact of apathy on health-related quality of life in recently diagnosed Parkinson's disease: the ANIMO study,” Movement Disorders, vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 211–218, 2012. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
40. R. Levy and B. Dubois, “Apathy and the functional anatomy of the prefrontal cortex-basal ganglia circuits,” Cerebral Cortex, vol. 16, no. 7, pp. 916–928, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
41. L. Kirsch-Darrow, H. F. Fernandez, M. Marsiske, M. S. Okun, and D. Bowers, “Dissociating apathy and depression in Parkinson disease,” Neurology, vol. 67, no. 1, pp. 33–38, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
42. S. Thobois, C. Ardouin, E. Lhommée et al., “Non-motor dopamine withdrawal syndrome after surgery for Parkinson's disease: predictors and underlying mesolimbic denervation,” Brain, vol. 133, no. 4, pp. 1111–1127, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
43. V. Czernecki, B. Pillon, J. L. Houeto, J. B. Pochon, R. Levy, and B. Dubois, “Motivation, reward, and Parkinson's disease: influence of dopatherapy,” Neuropsychologia, vol. 40, no. 13, pp. 2257–2267, 2002. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
44. V. Czernecki, M. Schüpbach, S. Yaici et al., “Apathy following subthalamic stimulation in parkinson disease: a dopamine responsive symptom,” Movement Disorders, vol. 23, no. 7, pp. 964–969, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
45. R. S. Marin, B. S. Fogel, J. Hawkins, J. Duffy, and B. Krupp, “Apathy: a treatable syndrome,” Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 23–30, 1995. View at Scopus
46. D. Weintraub, “Dopamine and impulse control disorders in Parkinson's disease,” Annals of Neurology, vol. 64, no. 2, supplement, pp. S93–S100, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
47. D. Weintraub, J. Koester, M. N. Potenza et al., “Impulse control disorders in Parkinson disease: a cross-sectional study of 3090 patients,” Archives of Neurology, vol. 67, no. 5, pp. 589–595, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
48. A. H. Evans and A. J. Lees, “Dopamine dysregulation syndrome in Parkinson’s disease,” Current Opinion in Neurology, vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 493–398, 2004.
49. V. Voon and S. H. Fox, “Medication-related impulse control and repetitive behaviors in Parkinson disease,” Archives of Neurology, vol. 64, no. 8, pp. 1089–1096, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
50. G. Pontone, J. R. Williams, S. S. Bassett, and L. Marsh, “Clinical features associated with impulse control disorders in Parkinson disease,” Neurology, vol. 67, no. 7, pp. 1258–1261, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
51. M. J. Nirenberg and C. Waters, “Compulsive eating and weight gain related to dopamine agonist use,” Movement Disorders, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 524–529, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
52. J. M. Miyasaki, K. Al Hassan, A. E. Lang, and V. Voon, “Punding prevalence in Parkinson's disease,” Movement Disorders, vol. 22, no. 8, pp. 1179–1181, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
53. A. J. Lawrence, A. D. Blackwell, R. A. Barker et al., “Predictors of punding in Parkinson's disease: results from a questionnaire survey,” Movement Disorders, vol. 22, no. 16, pp. 2339–2345, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
54. D. Weintraub, A. D. Siderowf, M. N. Potenza et al., “Association of dopamine agonist use with impulse control disorders in Parkinson disease,” Archives of Neurology, vol. 63, no. 7, pp. 969–973, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
55. V. Voon, A. R. Mehta, and M. Hallett, “Impulse control disorders in Parkinson's disease: recent advances,” Current Opinion in Neurology, vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 324–330, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
56. V. Voon, M. Sohr, A. E. Lang, et al., “Impulse control disorders in Parkinson’s disease: a multicentrer case-control study,” Annals of Neurology, vol. 69, no. 6, pp. 986–996, 2011.
57. D. Weintraub, S. Stewart, J. A. Shea, et al., “Validation of the questionnaire for impulsive-compulsive behaviors in Parkinson’s disease (QUIP),” Movement Disorders, vol. 24, pp. 1461–1467, 2009.
58. C. Ardouin, I. Chéreau, P. M. Llorca et al., “Assessment of hyper- and hypodopaminergic behaviors in Parkinson's disease,” Revue Neurologique, vol. 165, no. 11, pp. 845–856, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
59. R. Cilia, C. Siri, G. Marotta et al., “Functional abnormalities underlying pathological gambling in parkinson disease,” Archives of Neurology, vol. 65, no. 12, pp. 1604–1611, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
60. T. Van Eimeren, G. Pellecchia, R. Cilia et al., “Drug-induced deactivation of inhibitory networks predicts pathological gambling in PD,” Neurology, vol. 75, no. 19, pp. 1711–1716, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
61. V. Voon, M. Pessiglione, C. Brezing et al., “Mechanisms Underlying Dopamine-Mediated Reward Bias in Compulsive Behaviors,” Neuron, vol. 65, no. 1, pp. 135–142, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
62. A. Carter, P. Ambermoon, and W. D. Hall, “Drug-induced impulse control disorders: a prospectus for neuroethical analysis,” Neuroethics, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 91–102, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
63. E. Mamikonyan, A. D. Siderowf, J. E. Duda et al., “Long-term follow-up of impulse control disorders in Parkinson's disease,” Movement Disorders, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 75–80, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
64. B. Dubois and B. Pillon, “Cognitive deficits in Parkinson's disease,” Journal of Neurology, vol. 244, no. 1, pp. 2–8, 1997. View at Scopus
65. D. Aarsland, J. Zaccai, and C. Brayne, “A systematic review of prevalence studies of dementia in Parkinson's disease,” Movement Disorders, vol. 20, no. 10, pp. 1255–1263, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
66. L. M. L. De Lau, C. M. A. Schipper, A. Hofman, P. J. Koudstaal, and M. M. B. Breteler, “Prognosis of parkinson disease. Risk of dementia and mortality: the rotterdam study,” Archives of Neurology, vol. 62, no. 8, pp. 1265–1269, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
67. T. A. Hughes, H. F. Ross, S. Musa et al., “A 10-year study of the incidence of and factors predicting dementia in Parkinson's disease,” Neurology, vol. 54, no. 8, pp. 1596–1602, 2000. View at Scopus
68. D. Aarsland, K. Andersen, J. P. Larsen, A. Lolk, H. Nielsen, and P. Kragh-Sørensen, “Risk of dementia in Parkinson's disease: a community-based, prospective study,” Neurology, vol. 56, no. 6, pp. 730–736, 2001. View at Scopus
69. N. I. Bohnen, D. I. Kaufer, L. S. Ivanco et al., “Cortical cholinergic function is more severely affected in Parkinsonian dementia than in Alzheimer disease: an in vivo positron emission tomographic study,” Archives of Neurology, vol. 60, no. 12, pp. 1745–1748, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
70. D. Aarsland, U. P. Mosimann, and I. G. McKeith, “Role of cholinesterase inhibitors in Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies,” Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 164–171, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
71. J. L. Cummings, “Psychosis in basal ganglia disorders,” in Mental Dysfunction in Parkinson’s Disease, E. C. Wolters and P. Scheltens, Eds., Vriije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 1993.
72. E. B. Forsaa, J. P. Larsen, T. Wentzel-Larsen et al., “A 12-year population-based study of psychosis in Parkinson disease,” Archives of Neurology, vol. 67, no. 8, pp. 996–1001, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
73. G. Fénelon, F. Mahieux, R. Huon, and M. Ziégler, “Hallucinations in Parkinson's disease. Prevalence, phenomenology and risk factors,” Brain, vol. 123, no. 4, pp. 733–745, 2000. View at Scopus
74. G. Fenelon and G. Alves, “Epidemiology of psychosis in Parkinson’s disease,” Journal of the Neurological Sciences, vol. 289, no. 1-2, pp. 12–17, 2010.
75. N. J. Diederich, C. G. Goetz, R. Raman, E. J. Pappert, S. Leurgans, and V. Piery, “Poor visual discrimination and visual hallucinations in Parkinson's disease,” Clinical Neuropharmacology, vol. 21, no. 5, pp. 289–295, 1998. View at Scopus
76. I. Arnulf, A. M. Bonnet, P. Damier et al., “Hallucinations, REM sleep, and Parkinson's disease: a medical hypothesis,” Neurology, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 281–288, 2000. View at Scopus
77. S. A. Factor, P. J. Feustel, J. H. Friedman et al., “Longitudinal outcome of Parkinson's disease patients with psychosis,” Neurology, vol. 60, no. 11, pp. 1756–1761, 2003. View at Scopus
78. G. Levy, M. X. Tang, E. D. Louis et al., “The association of incident dementia with mortality in PD,” Neurology, vol. 59, no. 11, pp. 1708–1713, 2002. View at Scopus
79. G. Fénelon, “Psychosis in Parkinson's disease: phenomenology, frequency, risk factors, and current understanding of pathophysiologic mechanisms,” CNS Spectrums, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 18–25, 2008. View at Scopus
80. N. Ibarretxe-Bilbao, C. Junque, M. J. Marti, and E. Tolosa, “Cerebral basis of visual hallucinations in Parkinson's disease: structural and functional MRI studies,” Journal of the Neurological Sciences, vol. 310, no. 1, pp. 79–81, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
81. B. Ramírez-Ruiz, M. J. Martí, E. Tolosa et al., “Longitudinal evaluation of cerebral morphological changes in Parkinson's disease with and without dementia,” Journal of Neurology, vol. 252, no. 11, pp. 1345–1352, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
82. D. R. Williams and A. J. Lees, “Visual hallucinations in the diagnosis of idiopathic Parkinson's disease: a retrospective autopsy study,” Lancet Neurology, vol. 4, no. 10, pp. 605–610, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
83. J. H. Friedman, “Low-dose clozapine for the treatment of drug-induced psychosis in Parkinson's disease,” New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 340, no. 10, pp. 757–763, 1999. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
84. W. C. Koller, “Sensory symptoms in Parkinson's disease,” Neurology, vol. 34, no. 7, pp. 957–959, 1984. View at Scopus
85. M. A. Lee, R. W. Walker, T. J. Hildreth, and W. M. Prentice, “A survey of pain in idiopathic Parkinson's disease,” Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, vol. 32, no. 5, pp. 462–469, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
86. G. Defazio, A. Berardelli, G. Fabbrini et al., “Pain as a nonmotor symptom of Parkinson disease: evidence from a case-control study,” Archives of Neurology, vol. 65, no. 9, pp. 1191–1194, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
87. L. Nègre-Pagès, W. Regragui, D. Bouhassira, H. Grandjean, and O. Rascol, “Chronic pain in Parkinson's disease: the cross-sectional French DoPaMiP survey,” Movement Disorders, vol. 23, no. 10, pp. 1361–1369, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
88. C. G. Goetz, C. M. Tanner, M. Levy, R. S. Wilson, and D. C. Garron, “Pain in Parkinson’s disease,” Movement Disorders, vol. 1, pp. 45–49, 1986.
89. B. Ford, “Pain in Parkinson's disease,” Clinical Neuroscience, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 63–72, 1998. View at Scopus
90. A. D. Ha and J. Jankovic, “Pain in Parkinson’s disease,” Movement Disorders, vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 485–491, 2012.
91. A. G. Beiske, J. H. Loge, A. Rønningen, and E. Svensson, “Pain in Parkinson's disease: prevalence and characteristics,” Pain, vol. 141, no. 1-2, pp. 173–177, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
92. R. Djaldetti, A. Shifrin, Z. Rogowski, E. Sprecher, E. Melamed, and D. Yarnitsky, “Quantitative measurement of pain sensation in patients with Parkinson disease,” Neurology, vol. 62, no. 12, pp. 2171–2175, 2004. View at Scopus
93. C. Brefel-Courbon, P. Payoux, C. Thalamas et al., “Effects of levodopa on pain threshold in Parkinson's disease: a clinical and positron emission tomography study,” Movement Disorders, vol. 20, no. 12, pp. 1557–1563, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
94. H. Lavreysen and F. M. Dautzenberg, “Therapeutic potential of group III metabotropic glutamate receptors,” Current Medicinal Chemistry, vol. 15, no. 7, pp. 671–684, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
95. R. Djaldetti, S. Yust-Katz, V. Kolianov, E. Melamed, and R. Dabby, “The effect of duloxetine on primary pain symptoms in Parkinson disease,” Clinical Neuropharmacology, vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 201–205, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
96. P. Barone, A. Antonini, C. Colossimo, and R. Marconi, “The PRIAMO Study: a multicenter assessment of non motor symptoms and their impact on quality of life in Parkinson’s disease,” Movement Disorders, vol. 24, no. 11, pp. 1641–1649, 2009.
97. I. Arnulf, E. Konofal, M. Merino-Andreu et al., “Parkinson's disease and sleepiness: an integral part of PD,” Neurology, vol. 58, no. 7, pp. 1019–1024, 2002. View at Scopus
98. D. Garcia-Borreguero, P. Odin, and C. Serrano, “Restless legs syndrome and PD: a review of the evidence for a possible association,” Neurology, vol. 61, no. 6, supplement 3, pp. S49–S55, 2003. View at Scopus
99. I. Arnulf, S. Leu, and D. Oudiette, “Abnormal sleep and sleepiness in Parkinson's disease,” Current Opinion in Neurology, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 472–477, 2008. View at Scopus
100. A. Iranzo, F. Lomeña, H. Stockner et al., “Decreased striatal dopamine transporter uptake and substantia nigra hyperechogenicity as risk markers of synucleinopathy in patients with idiopathic rapid-eye-movement sleep behaviour disorder: a prospective study,” The Lancet Neurology, vol. 9, no. 11, pp. 1070–1077, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
101. P. K. Pal, S. Calne, A. Samii, and J. A. E. Fleming, “A review of normal sleep and its disturbances in Parkinson's disease,” Parkinsonism and Related Disorders, vol. 5, no. 1-2, pp. 1–17, 1999. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
102. E. Tandberg, J. P. Larsen, and K. Karlsen, “Excessive daytime sleepiness and sleep benefit in Parkinson’s disease: a community-based study,” Movement Disorders, vol. 14, pp. 922–927, 1999.
103. N. J. Diederich and D. J. McIntyre, “Sleep disorders in Parkinson’s disease: many causes, few therapeutic options,” Journal of the Neurological Sciences, vol. 314, no. 1-2, pp. 12–19, 2011.
104. P. Barone, M. Amboni, C. Vitale, and V. Bonavita, “Treatment of nocturnal disturbances and excessive daytime sleepiness in Parkinson's disease,” Neurology, vol. 63, no. 8, pp. S35–S38, 2004. View at Scopus
105. K. K. Post, C. Singer, and S. Papapetropoulos, “Cardiac denervation and dysautonomia in Parkinson's disease: a review of screening techniques,” Parkinsonism and Related Disorders, vol. 14, no. 7, pp. 524–531, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
106. M. Visser, J. Marinus, A. M. Stiggelbout, and J. J. van Hilten, “Assessment of autonomic dysfunction in Parkinson's disease: the SCOPA-AUT,” Movement Disorders, vol. 19, no. 11, pp. 1306–1312, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
107. R. Sakakibara, T. Uchiyama, T. Yamanishi, and M. Kishi, “Genitourinary dysfunction in Parkinson's disease,” Movement Disorders, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 2–12, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
108. R. Sakakibara, H. Shinotoh, T. Uchiyama et al., “Questionnaire-based assessment of pelvic organ dysfunction in Parkinson's disease,” Autonomic Neuroscience, vol. 92, no. 1-2, pp. 76–85, 2001. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
109. X. Gao, H. Chen, M. A. Schwarzschild et al., “Erectile function and risk of Parkinson's disease,” American Journal of Epidemiology, vol. 166, no. 12, pp. 1446–1450, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
110. H. Lahrmann, P. Cortelli, M. Hilz, C. J. Mathias, W. Struhal, and M. Tassinari, “EFNS guidelines on the diagnosis and management of orthostatic hypotension,” European Journal of Neurology, vol. 13, no. 9, pp. 930–936, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
111. J. M. Senard and A. Pathak, “Neurogenic orthostatic hypotension of Parkinson's disease: what exploration for what treatment?” Revue Neurologique, vol. 166, no. 10, pp. 779–784, 2010 (French). View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
112. J. M. Senard, S. Raï, M. Lapeyre-Mestre et al., “Prevalence of orthostatic hypotension in Parkinson's disease,” Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, vol. 63, no. 5, pp. 584–589, 1997. View at Scopus
113. J. M. Senard, P. Valet, G. Durrieu et al., “Adrenergic supersensitivity in Parkinsonians with orthostatic hypotension,” European Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol. 20, no. 6, pp. 613–619, 1990. View at Scopus
114. J. M. Senard, C. Brefel-Courbon, O. Rascol, and J. L. Montastruc, “Orthostatic hypotension in patients with Parkinson's disease: pathophysiology and management,” Drugs and Aging, vol. 18, no. 7, pp. 495–505, 2001. View at Scopus
115. L. M. Allcock, R. A. Kenny, and D. J. Burn, “Clinical phenotype of subjects with Parkinson's disease orthostatic hypotension: autonomic symptom and demographic comparison,” Movement Disorders, vol. 21, no. 11, pp. 1851–1855, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
116. R. Savica, J. M. Carlin, B. R. Grossardt et al., “Medical records documentation of constipation preceding Parkinson disease: a case-control study,” Neurology, vol. 73, no. 21, pp. 1752–1758, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
117. R. D. Abbott, H. Petrovitch, L. R. White et al., “Frequency of bowel movements and the future risk of Parkinson's disease,” Neurology, vol. 57, no. 3, pp. 456–462, 2001. View at Scopus
118. R. Sakakibara, T. Uchiyama, T. Yamanishi, K. Shirai, and T. Hattori, “Bladder and bowel dysfunction in Parkinson's disease,” Journal of Neural Transmission, vol. 115, no. 3, pp. 443–460, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
119. M. Stacy and R. Hauser, “Development of a patient questionnaire to facilitate recognition of motor and non-motor wearing-off in Parkinson's disease,” Journal of Neural Transmission, vol. 114, no. 2, pp. 211–217, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
120. K. Bayulkem and G. Lopez, “Non motor fluctuatons in Parkinson’s disease: clinical spectrum and classification,” Journal of the Neurological Sciences, vol. 289, pp. 89–92, 2010.
121. S. H. Fox and A. E. Lang, “Motor and non-motor fluctuations,” Handbook of Clinical Neurology, vol. 84, pp. 157–184, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
122. D. E. Riley and A. E. Lang, “The spectrum of levodopa-related fluctuations in Parkinson's disease,” Neurology, vol. 43, no. 8, pp. 1459–1464, 1993. View at Scopus
123. K. R. Chaudhuri, P. Martinez-Martin, A. H. V. Schapira et al., “International multicenter pilot study of the first comprehensive self-completed nonmotor symptoms questionnaire for Parkinson's disease: the NMSQuest study,” Movement Disorders, vol. 21, no. 7, pp. 916–923, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
124. P. Martinez-Martin, C. Rodriguez-Blazquez, K. Abe et al., “International study on the psychometric attributes of the Non-Motor Symptoms Scale in Parkinson disease,” Neurology, vol. 73, no. 19, pp. 1584–1591, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
125. D. A. Gallagher, A. J. Lees, and A. Schrag, “What are the most important nonmotor symptoms in patients with Parkinson's disease and are we missing them?” Movement Disorders, vol. 25, no. 15, pp. 2493–2500, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
126. K. R. Chaudhuri, P. Martinez-Martin, R. G. Brown et al., “The metric properties of a novel non-motor symptoms scale for Parkinson's disease: results from an international pilot study,” Movement Disorders, vol. 22, no. 13, pp. 1901–1911, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
127. J. Marinus, M. Visser, A. M. Stiggelbout et al., “Activity-based diary for Parkinson's disease,” Clinical Neuropharmacology, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 43–50, 2002. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
128. M. Visser, J. Marinus, A. M. Stiggelbout, and J. J. van Hilten, “Assessment of autonomic dysfunction in Parkinson's disease: the SCOPA-AUT,” Movement Disorders, vol. 19, no. 11, pp. 1306–1312, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
129. D. Verbaan, J. Marinus, M. Visser, S. M. Van Rooden, A. M. Stiggelbout, and J. J. Van Hilten, “Patient-reported autonomic symptoms in Parkinson disease,” Neurology, vol. 69, no. 4, pp. 333–341, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
130. R. Rendas-Baum, P. O. Buck, M. K. White, and J. Castelli-Haley, “Psychometric validation of the revised SCOPA-Diary Card: expanding the measurement of non-motor symptoms in Parkinson’s disease,” Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, vol. 9, article 69, 2011.
131. C. G. Goetz, B. C. Tilley, S. R. Shaftman et al., “Movement Disorder Society-Sponsored Revision of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS): scale presentation and clinimetric testing results,” Movement Disorders, vol. 23, no. 15, pp. 2129–2170, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
132. D. A. Gallagher, C. G. Goetz, G. Stebbins, A. J. Lees, and A. Schrag, “Validation of the MDS-UPDRS Part 1 for nonmotor symptoms in Parkinson’s disease,” Movement Disorders, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 79–83, 2012.
133. G. Kleiner-Fisman, R. Martine, A. E. Lang, and M. B. Stern, “Development of a non-motor fluctuation assessment instrument for Parkinson’s disease,” Parkinsonism & Related Disorders, vol. 2011, Article ID 292719, 13 pages, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
134. B. Högl, I. Arnulf, C. Comella et al., “Scales to assess sleep impairment in Parkinson's disease: critique and recommendations,” Movement Disorders, vol. 25, no. 16, pp. 2704–2716, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
135. D. Weintraub, S. Hoops, J. A. Shea et al., “Validation of the questionnaire for impulsive-compulsive disorders in Parkinson's disease,” Movement Disorders, vol. 24, no. 10, pp. 1461–1467, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
136. A. E. Lang, “A critical appraisal of the premotor symptoms of Parkinson's disease: potential usefulness in early diagnosis and design of neuroprotective trials,” Movement Disorders, vol. 26, no. 5, pp. 775–783, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
137. E. Tolosa, C. Gaig, J. Santamaría, and Y. Compta, “Diagnosis and the premotor phase of Parkinson disease,” Neurology, vol. 72, no. 7, pp. S12–S20, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
138. M. M. Ponsen, D. Stoffers, J. Booij, B. L. F. Van Eck-Smit, E. C. Wolters, and H. W. Berendse, “Idiopathic hyposmia as a preclinical sign of Parkinson's disease,” Annals of Neurology, vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 173–181, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
139. G. W. Ross, H. Petrovitch, R. D. Abbott et al., “Association of olfactory dysfunction with risk for future Parkinson's disease,” Annals of Neurology, vol. 63, no. 2, pp. 167–173, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
140. R. D. Abbott, G. W. Ross, H. Petrovitch et al., “Bowel movement frequency in late-life and incidental lewy bodies,” Movement Disorders, vol. 22, no. 11, pp. 1581–1586, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
141. H. Braak, J. R. Bohl, C. M. Müller, U. Rüb, R. A. I. de Vos, and K. Del Tredici, “Stanley Fahn lecture 2005: the staging procedure for the inclusion body pathology associated with sporadic Parkinson's disease reconsidered,” Movement Disorders, vol. 21, no. 12, pp. 2042–2051, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
142. T. Lebouvier, T. Chaumette, P. Damier et al., “Pathological lesions in colonic biopsies during Parkinson's disease,” Gut, vol. 57, no. 12, pp. 1741–1743, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
143. A. F. G. Leentjens, M. Van den Akker, J. F. M. Metsemakers, R. Lousberg, and F. R. J. Verhey, “Higher incidence of depression preceding the onset of parkinson's disease: a register study,” Movement Disorders, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 414–418, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
144. E. Tandberg, J. P. Larsen, and K. Karlsen, “A community-based study of sleep disorders in patients with Parkinson's disease,” Movement Disorders, vol. 13, no. 6, pp. 895–899, 1998. View at Scopus
145. S. Kumar, M. Bhatia, and M. Behari, “Sleep disorders in Parkinson's disease,” Movement Disorders, vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 775–781, 2002. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
146. A. Iranzo, J. L. Molinuevo, J. Santamaría et al., “Rapid-eye-movement sleep behaviour disorder as an early marker for a neurodegenerative disorder: a descriptive study,” Lancet Neurology, vol. 5, no. 7, pp. 572–577, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
147. A. Iranzo, F. Lomeña, H. Stockner et al., “Decreased striatal dopamine transporter uptake and substantia nigra hyperechogenicity as risk markers of synucleinopathy in patients with idiopathic rapid-eye-movement sleep behaviour disorder: a prospective study,” The Lancet Neurology, vol. 9, no. 11, pp. 1070–1077, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
148. R. B. Postuma and J. Montplaisir, “Predicting Parkinson's disease—why, when, and how?” Parkinsonism and Related Disorders, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. S105–S109, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
149. H. Braak, K. Del Tredici, U. Rüb, R. A. I. De Vos, E. N. H. Jansen Steur, and E. Braak, “Staging of brain pathology related to sporadic Parkinson's disease,” Neurobiology of Aging, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 197–211, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
150. L. S. Forno, “Neuropathology of Parkinson's disease,” Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology, vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 259–272, 1996. View at Scopus
151. K. R. Chaudhuri, C. Prieto-Jurcynska, Y. Naidu et al., “The nondeclaration of nonmotor symptoms of Parkinson's disease to health care professionals: an international study using the nonmotor symptoms questionnaire,” Movement Disorders, vol. 25, no. 6, pp. 704–709, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
152. L. M. Shulman, R. L. Taback, A. A. Rabinstein, and W. J. Weiner, “Non-recognition of depression and other non-motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease,” Parkinsonism and Related Disorders, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 193–197, 2002. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
153. P. Martinez-Martin, C. Rodriguez-Blazquez, M. M. Kurtis, and K. R. Chaudhuri, “The impact of non-motor symptoms on health-related quality of life of patients with Parkinson's disease,” Movement Disorders, vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 399–406, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
154. M. Leonardi, A. Raggi, M. Pagani, et al., “Relationship between disability, quality of life and prevalence of non motor symptoms in Parkinson’s disease,” Parkinsonism & Related Disorders, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 35–39, 2012.
155. C. Hinnel, C. S. Hurt, S. Landau, R. G. Brown, and M. Samuel, “Non-motor versus motor symptoms: how much do they matter to health status in Parkinson’s disease,” Movement Disorders, vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 236–241, 2011.
156. M. Visser, S. M. Van Rooden, D. Verbaan, J. Marinus, A. M. Stiggelbout, and J. J. Van Hilten, “A comprehensive model of health-related quality of life in Parkinson's disease,” Journal of Neurology, vol. 255, no. 10, pp. 1580–1587, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
157. T. A. Zesiewicz, K. L. Sullivan, I. Arnulf et al., “Practice parameter: treatment of nonmotor symptoms of Parkinson disease: report of the quality standards subcommittee of the American academy of neurology,” Neurology, vol. 74, no. 11, pp. 924–931, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus