Are Verbal Fluency and Nonliteral Language Comprehension Deficits Related to Depressive Symptoms in Parkinson’s Disease?

Table 2

Neuropsychological performance of healthy controls (HCs) and participants with Parkinson’s disease with (PDDS) and without (PD) depressive symptoms.

Tests of executive resources	Groups			Significant difference with HC
	HC; Mean (SD)	PD; Mean (SD)	PDDS; Mean (SD)
Stroop color word test (number of words)	48,77 (10,57)	48,64 (6,64)	44,18 (7,40)	^aNS
Stroop color word test (number of errors)	0,38 (0,77)	1,36 (1,57)	1,17 (1,53)	NS
Color trail-making test A	34,08 (8,98)	36,10 (13,76)	44,85 (17,44)	NS
Hayling	4,58 (1,88)	3,73 (1,74)	3,83 (1,64)	NS
London tower (number of errors)	0,46 (0,52)	0,58 (0,67)	3,15 (3,39)	PDDS*
Brixton spatial anticipation test	7,00 (2,27)	4,75 (2,01)	4,69 (2,10)	PDDS*, PD*

All tests were performed without dopaminergic medication.
^aNS (non-significant); **𝑃<0.01; *𝑃<0.05.
No results are significantly different between PDDS and PD except for the Tower of London (number of errors; 𝑃<0.05).