Frontostriatal Cognitive Staging in Parkinson's Disease

Figure 1

Parkinson’s disease-related frontostriatal cognitive dysfunction (PDFCD) staging. Three major frontostriatal loops are shown: (1) the loop connecting the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) with the dorsal caudate nucleus (d-Caud), (2) the loop connecting the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) with the ventral caudate nucleus (v-Caud), and (3) the loop connecting the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) with the nucleus accumbens (NAcc). Dopamine (DA) projections for these loops, as well as the direct dopaminergic projection to the frontal cortex, are schematically shown. Major symptoms, OFF and ON dopaminergic treatment, are detailed. ICDs: impulse control disorders.