The Neuroprotective Disease-Modifying Potential of Psychotropics in Parkinson's Disease

Table 1

Preclinical effects of psychotropics on PD pathobiology.

	Gene	Protein	Psome	Cmplx	Mt	ROS	Apop	Inflam	Trophins	Animal
Pramipexole		+ αSyn				+			+	+
Ropinirole									+
Antipsychotics	−
Neuroleptics	+			−
Chlorpromazine	+
Haloperidol	+			−	−
Loxapine	+
Molindone	+
Pimozide	+
Risperidone	+			−
Olanzapine	+
Quetiapine	+
Clozapine	+			−
Aripiprazole	+
Lithium	0	+tau, αSyn								+
Carbamazepine	+
Valproate		+αSyn				+	+		+	+
Lamotrigine										+
Antidepressants	+									−
Amitriptyline	+
Imipramine	+
Desipramine	+						+			−
Nortriptyline							+
Fluoxetine	+									−
Sertraline	+
Paroxetine	+
Escitalopram	+								+
Venlafaxine	+
Duloxetine	+
Bupropion	−
Diazepam							+
Dextromethorphan						+			+	+

The effect of psychotropics on PD pathobiology is indicated by a “+” indicating actions consistent with reducing PD risks of onset (gene transcription effects) or progression (other actions). “−” represents actions that are consistent with enhancing risks of onset or progression. “0” indicates neutral risk: Psome: proteasome; Cmplx: mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes; Mt: mitochondrion, ROS: reactive oxygen species, Apop: apoptosis, Inflam: inflammation.