First author, year and intervention type Initial group sizes Disease severity Location and delivery of experimental intervention Duration of intervention (weeks) Hours of intervention (approx) Supervision (%) Retention (%) Any dropouts related to intervention? Adherence (%) Adverse events occurred Allen 2010, Mild to Facility, group exercise OR 24 moderate + home individual 26 65 10% 87.5% Y 70% N control 24 100% Ashburn 2007, Moderate Home, exercise and 70 individual 6 33 18% 96% Y U (99% of Supervised exercise) N strategy OR control 72 92% Bergen 2002, Mild Facility, NA NR NRM 4 delivery 16 32 100% 100% unclear control 4 100% Blackinton 2002, U Mild to Facility, U NR NRM exercise OR 15 moderate group + home 6 15 66% 53% Y control total individual total Bloomer 2008, Mild Facility, resistance 8 delivery 8 8 100% 75% N U N training OR unclear control 8 88% Braun 2011, Mild to Facility, U NRM physiotherapy moderately individual or 6 + home + mental 25 severe group + home, 6 mental U (100%)‡ 88% Y (87%)†‡ practice OR individual practice physiotherapy + relaxation 22 6 6 + home relaxation U (100%)‡ 82% (88%)†‡ Bridgewater Mild to Facility, group NA NRM 1996 (also as [38 ]), moderate aerobic and 13 12 16 to 22 100% 100% 95% trunk muscle education 13 12 4 100% U Burini 2006*, Mild to Facility, group NRM aerobic 13 moderate 7 17 100% 85% Y 87% exercise OR Qigong 13 7 17 100% 85% Y 88% Caglar 2005, Mild to Facility, group NA NRM exercise OR 15 moderate + home, 9 63 4% 100% 100% control 15 individual Cakit 2007, Mild to Facility, NR Partial— treadmill 27 moderate delivery 8 8 100% 78% U 2 minor walking OR unclear cardiac control 27 37% Comella U Mild to Facility, U NRM 1994*, 18 moderate delivery 89% total physiotherapy total unclear 4 12 100% U U OR control de Bruin 2010, Mild to Home, walk with 16 moderate individual 13 19.5 0% 69% Y 100%† Y—1 music OR thigh control 17 65% cramping 1 Dereli 2010, Mild to NRM supervised 16 moderate Facility, 10 22.5 100% 94% Y 100%† exercise OR individual; 16 home, individual 10 22.5 4% 94% NR Dias 2005, Mild to Facility, NA NRM physiotherapy 8 moderate delivery 4 to 10 20 100% 100% 100% + cues OR unclear physiotherapy 8 4 to 10 20 100% 100% 100% Ebersbach 2010, Mild to moderate NR NRM LSVT BIG 20 Facility, individual; 4
ome XU (100%)‡ 100% NA OR Nordic walking 20 facility, group; 8
XU (100%)‡ 95% U OR home exercise 20 home, individual 4 U U 95% N + all did home, individual Ellis 2005* Mild to Facility, group NRM (also as [44 ]), moderate physiotherapy 35 6 18 100% 91% N 93% OR control 33 94% N Fisher 2008, Mild Facility, NA NR N treadmill 10 delivery 8 18 100% 100% walking OR unclear physiotherapy 10 8 18 100% 100% OR control 10 100% Frazzitta 2009, Moderate Facility, NA NR NRM Treadmill 20 individual 4 9.5 100% 100% walking with cues OR physiotherapy 20 4 9.5 100% 100% with cues Guo 2009, Mild to Facility, group NR NR NRM physiotherapy 23 moderate education and individual 8 12 of therapy 100% 91% and education therapy OR control 21 90% Hackney 2007, Mild to Facility, NA NRM Tango OR 9 Moderate group 13 20 100% 100% 100% exercise 10 13 20 100% 100% 100% Hackney 2008 Mild to Facility, NRM (also as [54 ]), moderate group implied Tai Chi OR 17 10 to 13 20 100% 76% Y 100%† control 16 81% Hackney 2009 Mild to Facility, Partial— (also as [54 ]), moderate group 1 knee Waltz/foxtrot 19 10 to 13 20 100% 89% Y 100%† pain OR tango OR 19 10 to13 20 100% 74% Y 100%† control 20 85% Hackney 2010, Mild to Facility, group NRM partnered 19 moderate 10 20 100% 79% Y 100%† tango OR nonpartnered 20 10 20 100% 80% Y 100%† tango Hass 2007, Mild to Facility, NA NR Y—1 resistance 10 moderate delivery 12 12 100% 100% muscle training + unclear soreness supplement and 1 OR Shoulder resistance 10 12 12 100% 100% pain training + placebo Hirsch 2003, Mild to Facility, balance and 9 moderate delivery 10 22.5 100% 67% Y 89%† Y—1 resistance unclear inguinal training OR hernia balance 9 10 15 100% 100% 92% training Keus 2007, Mild to Facility, NA physiotherapy 14 moderately individual 10 11 to 15 100% 100% 63% N OR control 13 severe 92% Kurtais 2008, Mild to Facility, NR NRM treadmill 13 moderate delivery 6 12 + U (100%)‡ 92% Y walking OR unclear + home X home, control 14 individual 86% Lehman 2005a , Mild Facility implied, NA NR NRM walk with 5 delivery unclear 2 5 100% 100% verbal cues 6 100% Mak 2008, Mild to Facility NR NRM cued sit to 21 moderate Implied, 4 4 100% 90% U stand OR delivery OR exercise 21 unclear 4 6 100% 90% U control 18 78% Marchese U Mild to Facility, U NR NR NRM 2000, 20 moderate individual + physiotherapy total home, 6 18 + U (100%)‡ OR individual home X physiotherapy 6 18 + U (100%)‡ with cues home X Miyai 2000*, Mild to Facility, NA NR NRM treadmill 5 moderate individual 4 6 100% 100% walking OR physiotherapy 5 4 6 100% 100% Miyai 2002, Mild to Facility, NR NRM treadmill 12 moderate individual 4 6 100% 92% N walking OR physiotherapy 12 4 6 100% 75% N Morris 2009, Mild to Facility, NA NRM movement 14 moderate individual 2 Up to 12 100% 100% 88% of strategies OR maximum sessions exercises 14 2 Up to 12 100% 100% 81% of maximum sessions Müller 1997, Mild to Location and NR NR NRM behavioural 15 moderate delivery 10 30 100% U therapy OR unclear nonspecific 14 10 30 100% U exercises and information Nieuwboer 2007*61 , 73 ]), Mild to moderate Home, Partial— cueing 76 3 4.5 100% 99% N 100% training OR control 77 100% Pacchetti Mild to Facility, group U NR NR NRM 2000, moderate physiotherapy 16 13 19.5 100% OR music therapy 16 13 26 100% Palmer 1986, Mild to Facility, group NA NR NRM exercise OR 7 moderately 12 36 100% 100% seated karate 7 severe 12 36 100% 100% Pelosin 2010, Mild to Facility, NA NR NRM physiotherapy 9 moderate delivery 4 12 100% 100% with FOG unclear strategies OR physiotherapy 9 4 12 100% 100% Protas 2005, Mild to Facility, NA NRM treadmill 9 moderate individual 8 24 100% 100% 100% walking and step training OR control 9 100% Qutubuddin Mild to Facility, NRM 2007, moderate delivery computerized 12 unclear + 8 18 20% 75% U U dynamic home, posturography individual OR physiotherapy 10 8 18 20% 60% U U Ridgel 2009, Mild to Facility, NA NR NRM forced cycling 5 moderate delivery 8 24 100% 100% OR unclear self-paced 5 8 24 100% 100% cycling Sage 2009, Mild to Facility, NRM aerobic 17 moderate group 10 to 12 18 100% 76% Y 86.8%† exercise OR SAFEx OR 21 10 to 12 20 to 34 100% 86% Y 92.9%† control 15 100% Sage 2010, Mild to Facility, NA NRM SAFEx OR 15 moderate group 12 36 100% 100% 100% non-SAFEx 14 12 36 100% 100% 100% Schenkman Mild to Location 1998, moderate unclear, exercise OR 27 individual 10 to 13 22.5 to 30 100% 85% U 100%† N control 24 96% Schmitz- Mild to Facility group NR NRM Hübsch 2006, moderately + home Qigong OR 32 severe individual 24 16 + home X 66% 91% Y control 24 87.5% Smania 2010, Moderate Facility, NR NRM balance 33 to individual 7 17.5 100% 85% Y training OR moderately general 31 severe 7 17.5 100% 87% Y exercises Stallibrass Mild to Facility, NRM 2002, moderate individual Alexander 32 12 16 100% 91% Y 99%† technique OR massage OR 31 12 16 93% 97%† control 30 100% Tamir 2007, Mild to Facility, NR Partial— exercise + imagery 12 moderate delivery 12 24 + U (100%)‡ 92% U 2 cardiac OR unclear + home X problems exercise 11 home, individual 12
XU (100%)‡ 91% U Thaut 1996, Mild to Home, NA walk with 15 moderate individual 3 10.5 14% 100% 100% Y—1 fall auditory cues OR walk without 11 3 10.5 14% 100% 100% cues OR control 11 100% Toole 2000, Mild to Facility, NR NRM exercise OR 6 moderately delivery 10 30 100% 67% N control 5 severe unclear 60% Toole 2005, U Mild to Facility, NR NR 99% NRM treadmill 23 moderately delivery 6 6 100% overall walking with total severe unclear body weight support OR treadmill 6 6 100% walking with weights OR treadmill 6 6 100% walking Yang 2010, Mild to Facility, downhill 16 moderate delivery 4 6 100% 94% Y 100%† N treadmill unclear walking OR conventional 17 4 6 100% 88% Y 100%† N therapy Yousefi 2009, Mild to Facility, NA NR NRM exercise OR 12 moderate group 10 40 100% 100% education 12 10 40 100%
