Predictors of Cognitive Decline in the Early Stages of Parkinson's Disease: A Brief Cognitive Assessment Longitudinal Study

Table 5

Baseline comparisons regarding the MMSE and FAB changes from 𝑡₀ to 𝑡₁.

Predictor variables (𝑡0)	MMSE change		FAB change
	Mean variation	𝑃	Mean variation	𝑃
Gender
Male	−0.21 (1.75)	0.871	−0.21 (3.05)	0.244
Female	0.69 (1.93)		0.39 (2.30)
Motor subtype
Tremor	0.00 (1.46)	0.842	0.50 (2.34)	0.186
Nontremor	−0.22 (2.26)		−0.30 (2.98)
Hallucinations
Yes	0.00 (4.40)	0.965	0.50 (1.43)	0.680
No	−0.10 (1.67)		0.12 (2.54)
Frontal dysfunction
Yes	−0.88 (2.27)	0.002**	0.46 (2.85)	0.474
No	0.49 (1.17)		−0.09 (2.51)
Global cognitive dysfunction
Yes	0.00 (3.69)	0.980	−0.83 (2.04)	0.207
No	−0.11 (1.58)		0.25 (2.70)
Age
72	0.09 (2.27)	0.239	0.41 (2.84)	0.296
≤72	−0.31 (1.23)		−0.21 (2.47)
Age of onset
69	0.18 (2.21)	0.072	0.52 (2.84)	0.247
≤69	−0.43 (1.23)		−0.28 (2.39)
Duration
2	−0.58 (1.88)	0.080	−0.48 (2.74)	0.077
≤2	0.40 (1.69)		0.80 (2.43)
Education
3	−0.46 (1.62)	0.048*	−0.03 (2.57)	0.723
≤3	0.38 (2.04)		0.31 (2.83)
HY stage
1	−0.95 (1.76)	0.914	−0.28 (2.57)	0.051
1	−0.10 (1.91)		0.95 (2.67)
DED
395	0.04 (1.40)	0.819	0.68 (2.39)	0.101
≤395	−0.21 (2.16)		−0.36 (2.83)
UPDRS total
>16	−0.03 (1.31)	0.507	−0.15 (2.86)	0.160
≤16	−0.18 (1.31)		0.43 (2.42)
Speech
>0	−0.10 (2.19)	0.774	−0.55 (2.96)	0.022*
0	−0.10 (1.49)		0.78 (2.20)
Tremor
>4	−0.37 (2.57)	0.471	0.37 (2.64)	0.671
≤4	0.02 (1.42)		0.05 (2.68)
Rigidity
>1	−0.21 (2.13)	0.586	−0.54 (2.49)	0.020*
≤1	0.00 (0.16)		0.73 (2.68)
Bradykinesia
>7	−0.13 (2.19)	0.978	−0.03 (2.66)	0.350
≤7	−0.06 (1.46)		0.32 (2.68)
Gait/posture
>1	−0.25 (1.70)	0.471	−0.28 (3.03)	0.111
≤1	0.07 (2.00)		0.53 (2.23)

Values are mean standard deviation. 𝑃 value is significance for Mann-Whitney tests.