Executive Function and Postural Instability in People with Parkinson’s Disease

Table 3

General cognitive and executive function for the PD and control groups.

	PD (𝑛=20)	Controls (𝑛=20)	𝑃 value
General cognitive scores
MMSE	27.6 (1.6)	28.7 (1.1)	.016
ACE	90.2 (6.4)	93.8 (3.8)	.039
Subscores
Attention/orientation	17.1 (0.9)	17.7 (0.5)	.013
Memory	22.4 (3.5)	23.8 (1.7)	.107
Fluency	11.0 (2.2)	11.6 (2.1)	.428
Language	24.6 (1.0)	25.2 (1.1)	.112
Visuospatial	15.5 (11.0–16.0)	16.0 (14.0–16.0)	.340^∧
Executive function assessments
TMT-A (s)	48.7 (34.0–144.4)	35.4 (25.7–62.0)	.𝟎𝟎𝟒^∧
TMT-A (participants with errors)	1 (5%)	0 (0%)	—
TMT-B (s)	118.3 (66.4–449.2)	85.2 (43.6–250.9)	.𝟎𝟎𝟐^∧
TMT-B (participants with errors)	13 (65%)	3 (15%)	.𝟎𝟎𝟑^#
TMT B-A (s)	78.0 (16.3–304.8)	49.8 (7.0–195.7)	.𝟎𝟏𝟓^∧

Note: MMSE: Mini-Mental State Examination; ACE: Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination; TMT-A = Trail making test A; TMT-B: Trail making test B; 1 PD participant made a single error and no control participants made an error on TMT-A. ^∧Data are nonnormally distributed and values reported are median (range) and Mann-Whitney test. All other data are normally distributed and values reported are mean (SD) and 𝑡-test. ^#Chi-square test. Significant 𝑃 values are marked in bold.