Changes to Intermediary Metabolites in Sporadic and LRRK2 Parkinson’s Disease Demonstrated by Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Table 3
Intermediary metabolite levels in cerebrospinal fluid measured by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
Metabolite
Chemical shift (ppm)
Sporadic PD ( = 17)
LRRK2-PD ( = 10)
Asymptomatic LRRK2 p.G2019S ( = 11)
Control ( = 19)
-D-Glucose
4.66
2240 ± 357
1973 ± 81a,b
2296 ± 482
2177 ± 233
(mM)
na
3.9 ± 1.2
3.4 ± 0.7
3.9 ± 0.8
3.7 ± 0.4
Pyruvate
2.38
46.0 ± 8.1
42.7 ± 13.3
51.8 ± 17.9
44.6 ± 12.3
Lactate
1.33
1703 ± 142
1717 ± 219
1830 ± 382
1860 ± 261
Citrate
2.53–2.72
262 ± 52
267 ± 47
270 ± 72
250 ± 47
Creatine
3.04
48.9 ± 4.1
54.3 ± 11.2
49.7 ± 3.3
52.0 ± 7.7
Glutamine
2.46
528 ± 66d
567 ± 68c
508 ± 67
466 ± 66
Alanine
1.48
45.0 ± 11.5
49.0 ± 14.6
51.9 ± 19.4
44.1 ± 11.0
Valine
1.05
16.9 ± 5.3
19.6 ± 8.6
21.5 ± 8.9
15.4 ± 3.5
Leucine
0.97
14.3 ± 4.4
15.3 ± 6.4
17.3 ± 6.6
12.8 ± 3.3
2-Hydroxybutyrate
0.90
22.5 ± 9.7
17.4 ± 4.9e,f
33.8 ± 12.6
31.8 ± 12.7
3-Hydroxybutyrate
1.20
8.2 ± 4.4
5.2 ± 1.8
12.8 ± 8.6
9.8 ± 7.2
3-Hydroxyisobutyrate
1.07
11.5 ± 2.1
10.7 ± 2.5
14.8 ± 5.2
12.5 ± 2.2
myo-Inositol
4.07
131 ± 27
135 ± 35
135 ± 38
123 ± 26
Dimethyl sulphone
3.16
9.1 ± 4.9
17.7 ± 9.1g
8.3 ± 4.7
8.2 ± 3.3
Creatinine
3.05
68.4 ± 13.2
75.7 ± 18.0
73.4 ± 14.9
68.4 ± 10.3
Ascorbate
4.52
165.7 ± 35.2
171.6 ± 55.3
166.9 ± 30.7
137.2 ± 38.0
Concentrations (mean ± SD) are given in mol/L, except for glucose analysed routinely by the University Hospital, which is given in mM (in italics for comparison). The -anomer of D-glucose was significantly reduced in the LRRK2-PD group relative to the control group (), and the sporadic PD group (). Glutamine was significantly increased in both the LRRK2-PD () and the sporadic PD () groups relative to the control group. Significant reductions in 2-hydroxybutyrate were found in the LRRK2-PD group relative to both the control () and the asymptomatic LRRK2 p.G2019S () groups. Dimethyl sulphone was significantly increased in the LRRK2-PD group relative to the control group ().
