Association between Community Ambulation Walking Patterns and Cognitive Function in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease: Further Insights into Motor-Cognitive Links
Table 3
(a) Associations between the attention and 3-day acceleration measures in the entire cohort (). (b) Acceleration derived 3-day measures of the two groups (using Student’s -tests) (low and high quartiles).
(a)
Adjusted univariate model
Adjusted multivariate model
Quantity measures (activity count)
Total percent of activity duration [%]
AP
−0.03 (−2.00–1.44)
—
Total number of steps for 3 days [#]
AP
0.02 (−0.0003–0.0004)
—
Cadence [steps/minute]
AP
0.45 (0.35–0.82)
0.36 (0.24–0.70)
Quality of activity measures
Phase coordination index [%]
AP
−0.10 (−0.61–0.18)
—
Amplitude of dominant frequency [prs]
V
0.34 (12.93–46.51)
0.21 (3.46–34.80)
AP
0.11 (−9.62–35.44)
—
ML
−0.23 (−48.77–−3.18)
—
Stride regularity [g2]
V
0.27 (9.22–55.70)
—
AP
0.12 (−11.13–52.74)
—
ML
0.01 (−25.63–28.36)
—
Harmonic ratio
V
0.19 (−0.04–12.28)
—
AP
0.22 (0.97–14.03)
—
ML
−0.19 (−24.88–20.50)
—
Entries are the values, 95% confidence intervals, and the associated value. Univariate and multivariate models were adjusted for age, gender, and disease duration.
(b)
Measure
PD low attention
PD high attention
value
Quantity measures (activity count)
Total percent of activity duration [%]
AP
2.27 ± 2.25
2.20 ± 2.01
0.957
Total number of steps for 3 days [#]
AP
9537.29 ± 9612.54
10187.55 ± 10479.79
0.789
Cadence [steps/minute]
AP
99.47 ± 16.73
110.33 ± 11.94
0.009
Quality of activity measures
Phase coordination index [%]
AP
7.78 ± 8.97
7.53 ± 8.96
0.278
Amplitude of dominant frequency [prs]
V
0.57 ± 0.20
0.70 ± 0.16
0.013
AP
0.57 ± 0.16
0.56 ± 0.14
0.809
ML
0.19 ± 0.15
0.16 ± 0.12
0.393
Stride regularity [g2]
V
0.50 ± 0.12
0.58 ± 0.13
0.054
AP
0.53 ± 0.10
0.54 ± 0.12
0.707
ML
0.38 ± 0.14
0.38 ± 0.13
0.896
Harmonic ratio
V
2.13 ± 0.49
2.28 ± 0.56
0.308
AP
1.96 ± 0.48
2.07 ± 0.55
0.446
ML
0.60 ± 0.16
0.63 ± 0.13
0.581
Measures which were not distributed normally according to the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and therefore were analyzed with the Mann-Whitney test. Measures which were significantly different in the two groups. We performed the Hochberg-Benjamini method for multiple comparison analysis for each of the 3 locomotor constructs separately: vertical (V), anterior-posterior (AP), and mediolateral (ML). values less than or equal to 0.013 (V), 0.05 (AP), and 0.05 (ML) were considered statistically significant in the 3 different constructs in the present analyses.