Impact of Sex on the Nonmotor Symptoms and the Health-Related Quality of Life in Parkinson’s Disease
Table 2
Impact of gender on various demographic factors, medication usage, and motor- and nonmotor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease.
Gender
value
Male ()
Female ()
Mean or count
SD or percentage
Mean or count
SD or percentage
Demographic
Age at PD onset (years)
59.0
11.9
60.0
11.0
0.265
Disease duration (years)
7.7
6.1
7.5
6.2
0.736
Education (years)
12.8
3.1
11.5
3.4
0.112
Medication
Levodopa dosage (LED in mg)
551.4
413.3
423.6
386.3
<0.001
Dopamine agonist dosage (LED in mg)
174.4
230.8
160.6
224.4
0.455
Anti-Parkinson’s medication (LED in mg)
725.8
594.8
584.7
424.5
0.001
MDS-UPDRS
MDS-UPDRS nM-EDL
13.8
7.5
15.1
7.9
0.034
MDS-UPDRS M-EDL
15.4
9.2
14.9
9.2
0.536
MDS-UPDRS 2.12 Walking
1.4
1.1
1.6
1.2
0.009
MDS-UPDRS ME
37.9
17.4
37.5
17.8
0.801
MDS-UPDRS ME axial score
6.0
3.8
6.3
4.1
0.131
MDS-UPDRS 3.12 Postural instability
1.1
1.3
1.5
1.4
0.001
MDS-UPDRS MC
4.7
3.8
4.8
4.2
0.752
MDS-UPDRS Total score
71.9
31.2
72.2
33.3
0.901
UDysRS
UDysRS Part1 ON Dyskinesia
12.6
9.3
15.5
9.3
0.004
UDysRS Part2 OFF Dyskinesia
6.5
4.6
6.8
4.5
0.605
UDysRS Part3 Impairment
6.4
5.2
7.9
5.6
0.008
UDysRS Part4 Disability
4.3
3.3
5.0
3.3
0.033
UDysRS Historic subscore
19.2
11.0
22.4
11.7
0.010
UDysRS Objective subscore
10.7
8.2
13.0
8.6
0.011
UDysRS Total score
30.1
17.4
35.5
18.6
0.006
Patient diary
ON without dyskinesia (hours)
8.9
6.2
8.9
6.3
0.897
ON with slight Dyskinesia (hours)
2.0
3.5
1.8
2.6
0.130
ON with severe dyskinesia (hours)
0.3
1.3
0.3
1.3
0.911
OFF time (hours)
4.2
5.7
5.0
6.0
0.212
Awake time (hours)
15.4
2.2
15.5
2.1
0.931
Daytime sleep time (hours)
0.7
1.2
0.5
0.8
0.005
Nighttime sleeping time (hours)
7.8
1.8
8.1
1.9
0.171
Sleep
Presence of sleep problems
229
63.4%
189
72.7%
0.034
PDSS-2 Total score
16.3
11.2
18.3
11.1
0.027
Presence of daytime sleepiness
142
39.3%
70
26.9%
0.001
Epworth Sleepiness Scale
7.8
5.0
6.4
4.4
0.000
Affective
Presence of affective problems
276
76.5%
221
85.0%
0.036
MADRS Total score
11.8
8.0
14.2
7.6
0.003
HAM-A Total score
12.5
6.0
16.0
6.9
0.001
Neurocognitive
ACE Total score
82.1
11.0
81.1
11.4
0.368
MMSE Total score
27.3
2.8
27.3
2.9
0.911
MoCA Total score
23.6
3.9
23.6
4.3
0.984
MDRS Total score
133.3
16.2
132.2
21.5
0.587
Mild neurocognitive disorder
78
21.6%
49
18.8%
0.230
Major neurocognitive disorder
47
13.0%
33
12.7
0.503
LARS total score
−20.4
10.8
−22.8
8.9
0.004
NMSS
NMSS cardiovascular
2.9
3.8
3.8
4.1
0.004
NMSS sleep problems
13.0
9.6
14.3
9.9
0.108
NMSS mood problems
12.4
14.3
15.3
12.3
0.016
NMSS hallucinations
1.5
4.1
1.5
3.3
0.976
NMSS memory problems
6.2
7.1
6.4
7.1
0.686
NMSS gastrointestinal problems
4.9
6.0
4.3
5.6
0.179
NMSS urinary problems
10.0
9.1
11.2
10.2
0.130
NMSS sexual problems
2.9
5.8
1.8
5.2
0.022
NMSS miscellaneous problems
3.8
4.8
5.5
6.3
0.000
NMSS total score
57.4
41.2
64.1
41.1
0.045
Health-related quality of life
EQ-5D VAS
64.8
20.1
62.4
20.1
0.135
EQ-5D index value
0.663
0.229
0.620
0.240
0.026
PDQ-39 mobility
31.0
27.9
39.6
27.7
0.000
PDQ-39 ADL
29.3
25.0
26.8
24.8
0.221
PDQ-39 emotional well being
25.0
20.7
34.9
24.9
0.000
PDQ-39 stigma
23.2
24.5
25.1
27.3
0.370
PDQ-39 social support
11.0
15.4
13.8
16.8
0.038
PDQ-39 cognition
21.5
19.3
21.0
16.9
0.751
PDQ-39 communication
20.1
20.6
16.4
18.7
0.022
PDQ-39 bodily discomfort
27.3
20.9
39.2
24.8
0.000
PDQ-39 summary index
23.5
15.9
27.1
17.0
0.010
SES total score
75.0
16.2
74.1
19.4
0.636
For statistical analysis unpaired -test was applied. In cases of items marked with additionally Mann-Whitney test was also applied and yielded statistically significant differences. Abbreviations: ACE = Addenbrooke Cognitive Examination; BDI = Beck Depression Inventory; EQ-5D = EuroQol Instrument 5 layer version; EQ-5D VAS = EuroQol Instrument Visual Analogue Scale; ESS = Epworth Sleepiness Scale; HAM-A = Hamilton Anxiety Scale; LARS = Lille Apathy Rating Scale; LED = levodopa-equivalent dosage; MADRS = Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale; MDRS = Mattis Dementia Rating Scale; MDS-UPDRS = The Movement Disorder Society-sponsored Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale; MDS-UPDRS MC = Motor Complication part of MDS-UPDRS; MDS-UPDRS ME = Motor Examination part of MDS-UPDRS; M-EDL MDS-UPDRS = Motor-Experiences of Daily Living part of MDS-UPDRS; MMSE = Mini-Mental Status Examination; nM-EDL MDS-UPDRS = Non-Motor-Experiences of Daily Living part of MDS-UPDRS; MoCA = Montreal Cognitive Assessment; NMSS = Non-motor Symptoms Scale; PAS = Parkinson’s Disease Anxiety Scale; PDQ-39 = Parkinson’s Disease Questionnaire; PDSS-2 = Parkinson’s Disease Sleep Scale 2nd version; UDysRS = Unified Dyskinesia Rating Scale.
