Review Article

Macrophage-Derived Biomarkers of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis

Table 1

The main features of macrophage-derived biomarkers of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.

CCL18IL8CCL2S100A9MIF

Cellular productionMonocytes/
Macrophages,
Dentritic cells
Macrophages,
Epithelial cells
Monocytes/
Macrophages,
Fibroblasts,
Epithelial cells,
Endothelial cells
Monocytes/
Macrophages,
Neutrophils
Macrophages,
T cells
Biological fluidsSerum, Lung
tissue, BAL
Serum, BALSerum, BALBAL, Lung tissueBAL, Lung tissue
Concentrations in IPF versus controlsIncreasedIncreasedIncreasedIncreasedIncreased
Correlation studies with clinical parametersYESYESYESYESNone
Studies on other
ILDs (specificity)
Sarcoidosis, NSIP,
Systemic sclerosis,
Hypersensitivity
pneumonitis, Vasculitis,
Smoking-related ILD
Sarcoidosis, Systemic
sclerosis, BOOP,
Vasculitis,
Hypersensitivity,
pneumonitis
Sarcoidosis,
Systemic sclerosis
Hypersensitivity,
pneumonitis, BOOP,
AIP, Silicosis
Sarcoidosis,
Systemic sclerosis
Sarcoidosis,
Wegener’s
granulomatosis,
Systemic sclerosis, Hypersensitivity
pneumonitis
Studies on other
lung diseases
Malignancies,
TB, Asthma
Bronchiolitis, Cancer,
Asthma COPD,
Cystic fibrosis,
ARDS
Malignancies,
Asthma, TB
Malignancies,
Pneumonia
Lung cancer,
Pneumoniae,
Asthma, ARDS