| Viruses | Sample(s) and specimen(s) | Reference number | Cytokines, mediators, and substances |
| RV | Corticosteroids | | | Fluticasone | [33] | CCL5 (RANTES), CXCL8 (IL-8), CXCL10 (IP-10) | | [34] | IL-6 | Budesonide | [35] | CCL5 (RANTES), CXCL8 (IL-8), CXCL10 (IP-10), IL-6, FGF, VEGF | Dexamethasone | [36] | IL-1, IL-6, L-8, TNF-α, ICAM-1 | β 2 agonists | | | Salmeterol | [33] | CCL5 (RANTES), CXCL10 (IP-10) | Formoterol | [35] | CXCL8 (IL-8), FGF | Procaterol | [39] | IL-1, IL-6, L-8, ICAM-1 | Anticholinergics | | | Tiotropium | [40] | IL-1, IL-6, L-8, ICAM-1 | Other drugs or agents | | | Erythromycin, carbocisteine, lansoprazole, or hochu-ekki-to | [37, 38] [45, 46] | IL-1, IL-6, L-8, TNF-α, ICAM-1 | Nitric oxide | [47] | CXCL10 (IP-10) | IFN-β | [48] | IL-6, CCL5 (RANTES), CXCL10 (IP-10) |
| Flu | Clarithromycin or carbocisteine | [55, 56] | IL-1, IL-6, L-8
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| RSV | Clarithromycin or carbocisteine | [61, 77] | IL-1, IL-6, L-8 |
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