Relative risk, prevalence and population attributable risk of selected risk factors for TB.
Risk factor (reference)
Relative risk for active TB disease (range)a
Weighted prevalence, total population, 22 TB high burden countriesb
Population attributable fraction (range)c
HIV infection
8.3 (6.1–10.8)
1.1%
7.3% (5.2–6.9)
Malnutrition
4.0 (2.0–6.0)
17.2%
34.1% (14.7–46.3)
Diabetes
3.0 (1.5–7.8)
3.4%
6.3% (1.6–18.6)
Alcohol use > 40 g/day
2.9 (1.9–4.6)
7.9%
13.1% (6.7–22.2)
Active smoking
2.6 (1.6–4.3)
18.2%
22.7% (9.9–37.4)
Indoor pollution
1.5 (1.2–3.2)
71.1%
26.2% (12.4–61.0)
aRange is equal to 95% confidence interval, except for malnutrition and diabetes.
b22 countries that together have 80% of the estimated global TB burden.
cPopulation attributable fraction = (prevalence × (relative risk − 1))/(prevalence × (relative risk + 1)). Source: adapted from Lönnroth and Raviglione [151].
