Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-𝛾 Is a Potent Target for Prevention and Treatment in Human Prostate and Testicular Cancer

Table 1

Statistical analysis of PPAR-𝛼, -𝛽, and -𝛾 immunostaining.

		Tumor	Blood vessel	Stromal tissue
PPAR-𝛼	PC (𝑁=156)
	Low group 𝑁=50)	2.2±0.6	2.0±0.9	2.0±0.9
	Middle group 𝑁=54)	2.4±0.7	2.3±0.7	1.9±0.6
	High group 𝑁=52)	2.3±0.7	1.9±0.6	2.0±0.8
	PIN (𝑁=15)	1.9±0.6	1.8±0.6	1.7±0.7
	BPH (𝑁=20)	2.1±0.6	1.7±0.5	1.7±0.5
	NP (𝑁=12)	Not present	2.1±0.7	2.2±1.1
PPAR-𝛽	PC (𝑁=156)
	Low group 𝑁=50)	2.0±1.0	1.7±0.7	1.9±0.6
	Middle group 𝑁=54)	2.3±1.2	1.6±0.7	1.8±0.7
	High group 𝑁=52)	2.1±1.0	1.7±0.6	1.8±0.9
	PIN (𝑁=15)	2.2±0.8	1.8±0.9	1.8±0.7
	BPH (𝑁=20)	2.0±0.7	1.9±0.8	1.6±0.7
	NP (𝑁=12)	Not present	1.9±0.7	1.9±0.8
PPAR-𝛾	PC (𝑁=156)
	Low group 𝑁=50)	2.6±0.7^*	1.8±0.9^*	1.8±0.7^*
	Middle group 𝑁=54)	2.7±0.9^*	1.8±0.8^*	1.9±0.9^*
	High group 𝑁=52)	3.3±1.0^*	2.0±0.8^*	1.7±0.9^*
	PIN (𝑁=15)	2.5±0.8^*	1.9±0.8^*	1.7±0.9^*
	BPH (𝑁=20)	0.8±0.6	0.6±0.5	0.7±0.5
	NP (𝑁=12)	Not present	0.5±0.4	0.5±0.3

^* Graded 0–4 on the coded sections by two blind observers. 0, no staining; 4+, maximum intensity. Statistical analysis was performed using the ANOVA (𝑝-value). PPAR-𝛼 and -𝛽 immunostaining were significantly intense in all cases. There were no differnces among PC, PIN, BPH and NP. PPAR-𝛾 immunostainings of tumor were significantly more extensive and intense in PC and in PIN than in tissue of BPH or NP. PPAR-𝛾 staining was high in blood vessels and stromal tissues of PC and PIN, with no significant difference between them. However, the expressions of the PPAR-𝛾 in the blood vessels and stromal tissues from BPH and NP were at the basic level. (^*𝑃<.01).