Copyright © 2008 Fritz Wieser et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Linked References

1. G. Rizzo and S. Fiorucci, “PPARs and other nuclear receptors in inflammation,” Current Opinion in Pharmacology, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 421–427, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
2. A. Margeli, G. Kouraklis, and S. Theocharis, “Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-$\gamma$ (PPAR-$\gamma$) ligands and angiogenesis,” Angiogenesis, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 165–169, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
3. W. T. Schaiff, Y. Barak, and Y. Sadovsky, “The pleiotropic function of PPAR$\gamma$ in the placenta,” Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, vol. 249, no. 1-2, pp. 10–15, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
4. P. Froment, F. Gizard, D. Defever, B. Staels, J. Dupont, and P. Monget, “Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors in reproductive tissues: from gametogenesis to parturition,” Journal of Endocrinology, vol. 189, no. 2, pp. 199–209, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
5. J. Berger and D. E. Moller, “The mechanisms of action of PPARs,” Annual Review of Medicine, vol. 53, pp. 409–435, 2002. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
6. S. Kersten, B. Desvergne, and W. Wahli, “Roles of PPARs in health and disease,” Nature, vol. 405, no. 6785, pp. 421–424, 2000. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
7. M. J. Holness, G. K. Greenwood, N. D. Smith, and M. C. Sugden, “Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-$\alpha$ and glucocorticoids interactively regulate insulin secretion during pregnancy,” Diabetes, vol. 55, no. 12, pp. 3501–3508, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
8. K. Nadra, S. I. Anghel, and E. Joye, et al., “Differentiation of trophoblast giant cells and their metabolic functions are dependent on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor $\beta /\delta$,” Molecular and Cellular Biology, vol. 26, no. 8, pp. 3266–3281, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
9. G. Krey, A. Mahfoudi, and W. Wahli, “Functional interactions of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor, retinoid-X receptor, and Sp1 in the transcriptional regulation of the acyl- coenzyme-A oxidase promoter,” Molecular Endocrinology, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 219–231, 1995. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
10. Y. Guan, Y. Zhang, L. Davis, and M. D. Breyer, “Expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors in urinary tract of rabbits and humans,” American Journal of Physiology - Renal Physiology, vol. 273, no. 6, pp. F1013–F1022, 1997.
11. T. Fournier, V. Tsatsaris, K. Handschuh, and D. Evain-Brion, “PPARs and the placenta,” Placenta, vol. 28, no. 2-3, pp. 65–76, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
12. O. Braissant, F. Foufelle, C. Scotto, M. Dauça, and W. Wahli, “Differential expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs): tissue distribution of PPAR-$\alpha$, -$\beta$, and -$\gamma$ in the adult rat,” Endocrinology, vol. 137, no. 1, pp. 354–366, 1996. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
13. L. Fajas, J.-C. Fruchart, and J. Auwerx, “PPAR$\gamma$3 mRNA: a distinct PPAR$\gamma$ mRNA subtype transcribed from an independent promoter,” FEBS Letters, vol. 438, no. 1-2, pp. 55–60, 1998. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
14. P. Peraldi, M. Xu, and B. M. Spiegelman, “Thiazolidinediones block tumor necrosis factor-$\alpha$-induced inhibition of insulin signaling,” Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol. 100, no. 7, pp. 1863–1869, 1997. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
15. Y. Barak, M. C. Nelson, and E. S. Ong, et al., “PPAR$\gamma$ is required for placental, cardiac, and adipose tissue development,” Molecular Cell, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 585–595, 1999. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
16. X. Zhang and H. A. Young, “PPAR and immune system—what do we know?,” International Immunopharmacology, vol. 2, no. 8, pp. 1029–1044, 2002. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
17. E. Lord, B. D. Murphy, J. A. Desmarais, S. Ledoux, D. Beaudry, and M.-F. Palin, “Modulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor $\delta$ and $\gamma$ transcripts in swine endometrial tissue during early gestation,” Reproduction, vol. 131, no. 5, pp. 929–942, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
18. H. Higashiyama, A. N. Billin, Y. Okamoto, M. Kinoshita, and S. Asano, “Expression profiling of Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-$\delta$ (PPAR-$\delta$) in mouse tissues using tissue microarray,” Histochemistry and Cell Biology, vol. 127, no. 5, pp. 485–494, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
19. A. Chawla, Y. Barak, L. Nagy, D. Liao, P. Tontonoz, and R. M. Evans, “PPAR-$\gamma$ dependent and independent effects on macrophage-gene expression in lipid metabolism and inflammation,” Nature Medicine, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 48–52, 2001. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
20. D. K. Krämer, L. Al-Khalili, B. Guigas, Y. Leng, P. M. Garcia-Roves, and A. Krook, “Role of AMP kinase and PPAR$\delta$ in the regulation of lipid and glucose metabolism in human skeletal muscle,” Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 282, no. 27, pp. 19313–19320, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
21. M. Adjuik., A. Babiker, P. Garner, P. Olliaro, W. Taylor, and N. White, “Artesunate combinations for treatment of malaria: meta-analysis,” The Lancet, vol. 363, no. 9402, pp. 9–17, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
22. K. S. Park, T. P. Ciaraldi, L. Abrams-Carter, S. Mudaliar, S. E. Nikoulina, and R. R. Henry, “PPAR-$\gamma$ gene expression is elevated in skeletal muscle of obese and type II diabetic subjects,” Diabetes, vol. 46, no. 7, pp. 1230–1234, 1997. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
23. P. Imbeault, H. Vidal, and A. Tremblay, et al., “Age-related differences in messenger ribonucleic acid expression of key proteins involved in adipose cell differentiation and metabolism,” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, vol. 86, no. 2, pp. 828–833, 2001. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
24. M. Iemitsu, T. Miyauchi, and S. Maeda, et al., “Aging-induced decrease in the PPAR-$\alpha$ level in hearts is improved by exercise training,” American Journal of Physiology - Heart and Circulatory Physiology, vol. 283, no. 5, pp. H1750–H1760, 2002.
25. Q. N. Diep and E. L. Schiffrin, “Increased expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-$\alpha$ and -$\gamma$ in blood vessels of spontaneously hypertensive rats,” Hypertension, vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 249–254, 2001.
26. O. Mezei, W. J. Banz, R. W. Steger, M. R. Peluso, T. A. Winters, and N. Shay, “Soy isoflavones exert antidiabetic and hypolipidemic effects through the PPAR pathways in obese zucker rats and murine RAW 264.7 cells,” Journal of Nutrition, vol. 133, no. 5, pp. 1238–1243, 2003.
27. A. Vidal-Puig, M. Jimenez-Liñan, and B. B. Lowell, et al., “Regulation of PPAR $\gamma$ gene expression by nutrition and obesity in rodents,” Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol. 97, no. 11, pp. 2553–2561, 1996. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
28. B. Delage, C. Bairras, B. Buaud, V. Pallet, and P. Cassand, “A high-fat diet generates alterations in nuclear receptor expression: prevention by vitamin A and links with cyclooxygenase-2 and $\beta$-catenin,” International Journal of Cancer, vol. 116, no. 6, pp. 839–846, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
29. J. P. Bastard, B. Hainque, and E. Dusserre, et al., “Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-$\gamma$, leptin and tumor necrosis factor-$\alpha$ mRNA expression during very low calorie diet in subcutaneous adipose tissue in obese women,” Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 92–98, 1999. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
30. A. Petridou, S. Tsalouhidou, G. Tsalis, T. Schulz, H. Michna, and V. Mougios, “Long-term exercise increases the DNA binding activity of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor $\gamma$ in rat adipose tissue,” Metabolism, vol. 56, no. 8, pp. 1029–1036, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
31. T. Fritz, D. K. Krämer, and H. K. Karlsson, et al., “Low-intensity exercise increases skeletal muscle protein expression of PPAR$\delta$ and UCP3 in type 2 diabetic patients,” Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews, vol. 22, no. 6, pp. 492–498, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
32. A. J. Vidal-Puig, R. V. Considine, and M. Jimenez-Liñan, et al., “Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gene expression in human tissues. Effects of obesity, weight loss, and regulation by insulin and glucocorticoids,” Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol. 99, no. 10, pp. 2416–2422, 1997. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
33. D. B. Savage, G. D. Tan, and C. L. Acerini, et al., “Human metabolic syndrome resulting from dominant-negative mutations in the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-$\gamma$,” Diabetes, vol. 52, no. 4, pp. 910–917, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
34. S. Y. Ding, Z. F. Shen, Y. T. Chen, S. J. Sun, Q. Liu, and M. Z. Xie, “Pioglitazone can ameliorate insulin resistance in low-dose streptozotocin and high sucrose-fat diet induced obese rats,” Acta Pharmacologica Sinica, vol. 26, no. 5, pp. 575–580, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
35. R. Jaziri, S. Lobbens, and R. Aubert, et al., “The PPARG Pro12Ala polymorphism is associated with a decreased risk of developing hyperglycemia over 6 years and combines with the effect of the APM1 G-11391A single nucleotide polymorphism,” Diabetes, vol. 55, no. 4, pp. 1157–1162, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
36. I. Ostlund, B. Haglund, and U. Hanson, “Gestational diabetes and preeclampsia,” European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, vol. 113, no. 1, pp. 12–16, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
37. I. Delbaere, H. Verstraelen, S. Goetgeluk, G. Martens, G. De Backer, and M. Temmerman, “Pregnancy outcome in primiparae of advanced maternal age,” European Journal of Obstetrics Gynecology & Reproductive Biology, vol. 135, no. 1, pp. 41–46, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
38. A. O. Odibo, D. Nelson, D. M. Stamilio, H. M. Sehdev, and G. A. Macones, “Advanced maternal age is an independent risk factor for intrauterine growth restriction,” American Journal of Perinatology, vol. 23, no. 5, pp. 325–328, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
39. B. M. Sibai, M. Ewell, and R. J. Levine, et al., “Risk factors associated with preeclampsia in healthy nulliparous women. The calcium for preeclampsia prevention (CPEP) study group,” American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology, vol. 177, no. 5, pp. 1003–1010, 1997. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
40. R. Artal, R. B. Catanzaro, J. A. Gavard, D. J. Mostello, and J. C. Friganza, “A lifestyle intervention of weight-gain restriction: diet and exercise in obese women with gestational diabetes mellitus,” Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 596–601, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
41. A. F. Saftlas, N. Logsden-Sackett, W. Wang, R. Woolson, and M. B. Bracken, “Work, leisure-time physical activity, and risk of preeclampsia and gestational hypertension,” American Journal of Epidemiology, vol. 160, no. 8, pp. 758–765, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
42. T. O. Scholl, M. Leskiw, X. Chen, M. Sims, and T. P. Stein, “Oxidative stress, diet, and the etiology of preeclampsia,” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 81, no. 6, pp. 1390–1396, 2005.
43. C. Zhang, C. G. Solomon, J. E. Manson, and F. B. Hu, “A prospective study of pregravid physical activity and sedentary behaviors in relation to the risk for gestational diabetes mellitus,” Archives of Internal Medicine, vol. 166, no. 5, pp. 543–548, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
44. T. K. Sorensen, M. A. Williams, I. M. Lee, E. E. Dashow, M. L. Thompson, and D. A. Luthy, “Recreational physical activity during pregnancy and risk of preeclampsia,” Hypertension, vol. 41, no. 6, pp. 1273–1280, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
45. M. I. Cedergren, “Maternal morbid obesity and the risk of adverse pregnancy outcome,” Obstetrics & Gynecology, vol. 103, no. 2, pp. 219–224, 2004.
46. T. E. O'Brien, J. G. Ray, and W. S. Chan, “Maternal body mass index and the risk of preeclampsia: a systematic overview,” Epidemiology, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 368–374, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
47. H. S. Ros, S. Cnattingius, and L. Lipworth, “Comparison of risk factors for preeclampsia and gestational hypertension in a population-based cohort study,” American Journal of Epidemiology, vol. 147, no. 11, pp. 1062–1070, 1998.
48. N. J. Sebire, M. Jolly, and J. P. Harris, et al., “Maternal obesity and pregnancy outcome: a study of 287 213 pregnancies in London,” International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders, vol. 25, no. 8, pp. 1175–1182, 2001. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
49. L. M. Bodnar, J. M. Catov, M. A. Klebanoff, R. B. Ness, and J. M. Roberts, “Prepregnancy body mass index and the occurrence of severe hypertensive disorders of pregnancy,” Epidemiology, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 234–239, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
50. J. G. Ray, M. J. Vermeulen, M. J. Schull, S. McDonald, and D. A. Redelmeier, “Metabolic syndrome and the risk of placental dysfunction,” Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada, vol. 27, no. 12, pp. 1095–1101, 2005.
51. M. Wolf, L. Sandler, K. Muñoz, K. Hsu, J. L. Ecker, and R. Thadhani, “First trimester insulin resistance and subsequent preeclampsia: a prospective study,” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, vol. 87, no. 4, pp. 1563–1568, 2002. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
52. L. M. Bodnar, G. Tang, R. B. Ness, G. Harger, and J. M. Roberts, “Periconceptional multivitamin use reduces the risk of preeclampsia,” American Journal of Epidemiology, vol. 164, no. 5, pp. 470–477, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
53. C. Zhang, M. B. Schulze, C. G. Solomon, and F. B. Hu, “A prospective study of dietary patterns, meat intake and the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus,” Diabetologia, vol. 49, no. 11, pp. 2604–1613, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
54. S. C. Kalhan, “Protein metabolism in pregnancy,” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 71, no. 5, supplement, pp. 1249S–1255S, 2000.
55. E. Sivan and G. Boden, “Free fatty acids, insulin resistance, and pregnancy,” Current Diabetes Reports, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 319–322, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
56. J. M. Potter and P. J. Nestel, “The hyperlipidemia of pregnancy in normal and complicated pregnancies,” American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology, vol. 133, no. 2, pp. 165–170, 1979.
57. J. Bonnar, L. Daly, and B. L. Sheppard, “Changes in the fibrinolytic system during pregnancy,” Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 221–229, 1990. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
58. D. M. Sherer and O. Abulafia, “Angiogenesis during implantation, and placental and early embryonic development,” Placenta, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 1–13, 2001. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
59. A. Yessoufou, A. Hichami, P. Besnard, K. Moutairou, and N. A. Khan, “Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor $\alpha$ deficiency increases the risk of maternal abortion and neonatal mortality in murine pregnancy with or without diabetes mellitus: modulation of T cell differentiation,” Endocrinology, vol. 147, no. 9, pp. 4410–4418, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
60. Y. Barak, D. Liao, and W. He, et al., “Effects of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor $\delta$ on placentation, adiposity, and colorectal cancer,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 99, no. 1, pp. 303–308, 2002. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
61. N. Kubota, Y. Terauchi, and H. Miki, et al., “PPAR$\gamma$ mediates high-fat diet-induced adipocyte hypertrophy and insulin resistance,” Molecular Cell, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 597–609, 1999. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
62. Y.-J. Zhu, S. E. Crawford, and V. Stellmach, et al., “Coactivator PRIP, the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-interacting protein, is a modulator of placental, cardiac, hepatic, and embryonic development,” Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 278, no. 3, pp. 1986–1990, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
63. P. Antonson, G. U. Schuster, and L. Wang, et al., “Inactivation of the nuclear receptor coactivator RAP250 in mice results in placental vascular dysfunction,” Molecular and Cellular Biology, vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 1260–1268, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
64. V. Sapin, P. Dollé, C. Hindelang, P. Kastner, and P. Chambon, “Defects of the chorioallantoic placenta in mouse RXR$\alpha$ null fetuses,” Developmental Biology, vol. 191, no. 1, pp. 29–41, 1997. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
65. B. Sibai, G. Dekker, and M. Kupferminc, “Pre-eclampsia,” The Lancet, vol. 365, no. 9461, pp. 785–799, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
66. J. M. Roberts and C. W. G. Redman, “Pre-eclampsia: more than pregnancy-induced hypertension,” The Lancet, vol. 341, no. 8858, pp. 1447–1451, 1993. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
67. G. T. R. Manten, M. J. Sikkema, H. A. M. Voorbij, G. H. A. Visser, H. W. Bruinse, and A. Franx, “Risk factors for cardiovascular disease in women with a history of pregnancy complicated by preeclampsia or intrauterine growth restriction,” Hypertension in Pregnancy, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 39–50, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
68. V. A. Rodie, D. J. Freeman, N. Sattar, and I. A. Greer, “Pre-eclampsia and cardiovascular disease: metabolic syndrome of pregnancy?,” Atherosclerosis, vol. 175, no. 2, pp. 189–202, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
69. J. Newstead, P. von Dadelszen, and L. A. Magee, “Preeclampsia and future cardiovascular risk,” Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 283–294, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
70. R. J. Kaaja and I. A. Greer, “Manifestations of chronic disease during pregnancy,” Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. 294, no. 21, pp. 2751–2757, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
71. I. A. Brosens, P. De Sutter, and T. Hamerlynck, et al., “Endometriosis is associated with a decreased risk of pre-eclampsia,” Human Reproduction, vol. 22, no. 6, pp. 1725–1729, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
72. F. Xue and K. B. Michels, “Intrauterine factors and risk of breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of current evidence,” Lancet Oncology, vol. 8, no. 12, pp. 1088–1100, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
73. J. Vamecq and N. Latruffe, “Medical significance of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors,” The Lancet, vol. 354, no. 9173, pp. 141–148, 1999. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
74. J. M. Lehmann, L. B. Moore, T. A. Smith-Oliver, W. O. Wilkison, T. M. Willson, and S. A. Kliewer, “An antidiabetic thiazolidinedione is a high affinity ligand for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor $\gamma$ (PPAR$\gamma$),” Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 270, no. 22, pp. 12953–12956, 1995. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
75. H. Vosper, G. A. Khoudoli, T. L. Graham, and C. N. Palmer, “Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonists, hyperlipidaemia, and atherosclerosis,” Pharmacology & Therapeutics, vol. 95, no. 1, pp. 47–62, 2002. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
76. C. Chambrier, J.-P. Bastard, and J. Rieusset, et al., “Eicosapentaenoic acid induces mRNA expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor $\gamma$,” Obesity Research, vol. 10, no. 6, pp. 518–525, 2002. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
77. S. A. Kliewer, J. M. Lenhard, T. M. Willson, I. Patel, D. C. Morris, and J. M. Lehmann, “A prostaglandin ${\text{J}}_2$ metabolite binds peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor $\gamma$ and promotes adipocyte differentiation,” Cell, vol. 83, no. 5, pp. 813–819, 1995. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
78. G. Chinetti, J.-C. Fruchart, and B. Staels, “Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs): nuclear receptors at the crossroads between lipid metabolism and inflammation,” Inflammation Research, vol. 49, no. 10, pp. 497–505, 2000. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
79. L. Waite, E. C. Person, Y. Zhou, K.-H. Lim, T. S. Scanlan, and R. N. Taylor, “Placental peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-$\gamma$ is up-regulated by pregnancy serum,” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, vol. 85, no. 10, pp. 3808–3814, 2000. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
80. Q. Wang, H. Fujii, and G. T. Knipp, “Expression of PPAR and RXR isoforms in the developing rat and human term placentas,” Placenta, vol. 23, no. 8-9, pp. 661–671, 2002. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
81. A. Tarrade, R. Lai Kuen, and A. Malassiné, et al., “Characterization of human villous and extravillous trophoblasts isolated from first trimester placenta,” Laboratory Investigation, vol. 81, no. 9, pp. 1199–1211, 2001. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
82. T. Fournier, L. Pavan, and A. Tarrade, et al., “The role of PPAR-$\gamma$/RXR-$\alpha$ heterodimers in the regulation of human trophoblast invasion,” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, vol. 973, pp. 26–30, 2002.
83. A. Tarrade, K. Schoonjans, and J. Guibourdenche, et al., “PPAR$\gamma$/RXR$\alpha$ heterodimers are involved in human CG$\beta$ synthesis and human trophoblast differentiation,” Endocrinology, vol. 142, no. 10, pp. 4504–4514, 2001. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
84. R. L. Schild, W. T. Schaiff, M. G. Carlson, E. J. Cronbach, D. M. Nelson, and Y. Sadovsky, “The activity of PPAR$\gamma$ in primary human trophoblasts is enhanced by oxidized lipids,” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, vol. 87, no. 3, pp. 1105–1110, 2002. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
85. M. Lappas, M. Permezel, and G. E. Rice, “Leptin and adiponectin stimulate the release of proinflammatory cytokines and prostaglandins from human placenta and maternal adipose tissue via nuclear factor-$\kappa$B, peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor-$\gamma$ and extracellularly regulated kinase 1/2,” Endocrinology, vol. 146, no. 8, pp. 3334–3342, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
86. W. T. Schaiff, I. Bildirici, M. Cheong, P. L. Chern, D. M. Nelson, and Y. Sadovsky, “Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-$\gamma$ and retinoid X receptor signaling regulate fatty acid uptake by primary human placental Trophoblasts,” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, vol. 90, no. 7, pp. 4267–4275, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
87. T. Shalom-Barak, J. M. Nicholas, and Y. Wang, et al., “Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor $\gamma$ controls Muc1 transcription in trophoblasts,” Molecular and Cellular Biology, vol. 24, no. 24, pp. 10661–10669, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
88. R. Asami-Miyagishi, S. Iseki, M. Usui, K. Uchida, H. Kubo, and I. Morita, “Expression and function of PPAR$\gamma$ in rat placental development,” Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, vol. 315, no. 2, pp. 497–501, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
89. E. Capobianco, A. Jawerbaum, and M. C. Romanini, et al., “15-deoxy-${\Delta }^{12,14}$-prostaglandin ${\text{J}}_2$ and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor $\gamma$ (PPAR$\gamma$) levels in term placental tissues from control and diabetic rats: modulatory effects of a PPAR$\gamma$ agonist on nitridergic and lipid placental metabolism,” Reproduction, Fertility and Development, vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 423–433, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
90. M. Lappas, M. Permezel, H. M. Georgiou, and G. E. Rice, “Regulation of proinflammatory cytokines in human gestational tissues by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-$\gamma$: effect of 15-deoxy-${\Delta }^{12,14}$-${\text{PGJ}}_2$ and troglitazone,” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, vol. 87, no. 10, pp. 4667–4672, 2002. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
91. K. W. Marvin, R. L. Eykholt, J. A. Keelan, T. A. Sato, and M. D. Mitchell, “The 15-deoxy-${\Delta }^{12,14}$-prostaglandin ${\text{J}}_2$ receptor, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-$\gamma$ (PPAR$\gamma$) is expressed in human gestational tissues and is functionally active in JEG3 choriocarcinoma cells,” Placenta, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 436–440, 2000. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
92. L. R. Dunn-Albanese, W. E. Ackerman IV, Y. Xie, J. D. Iams, and D. A. Kniss, “Reciprocal expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-$\gamma$ and cyclooxygenase-2 in human term parturition,” American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology, vol. 190, no. 3, pp. 809–816, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
93. E. B. E. Berry, R. Eykholt, R. J. A. Helliwell, R. S. Gilmour, M. D. Mitchell, and K. W. Marvin, “Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor isoform expression changes in human gestational tissues with labor at term,” Molecular Pharmacology, vol. 64, no. 6, pp. 1586–1590, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
94. O. Wendling, P. Chambon, and M. Mark, “Retinoid X receptors are essential for early mouse development and placentogenesis,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 96, no. 2, pp. 547–551, 1999. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
95. L. L. H. Peeters, J.-L. Vigne, M. K. Tee, D. Zhao, L. Waite, and R. N. Taylor, “PPAR$\gamma$ represses VEGF expression in human endometrial cells: implications for uterine angiogenesis,” Angiogenesis, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 373–379, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
96. H. Bamba, S. Ota, A. Kato, C. Kawamoto, and K. Fujiwara, “Prostaglandins up-regulate vascular endothelial growth factor production through distinct pathways in differentiated U937 cells,” Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, vol. 273, no. 2, pp. 485–491, 2000. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
97. V. Chintalgattu, G. S. Harris, S. M. Akula, and L. C. Katwa, “PPAR-$\gamma$ agonists induce the expression of VEGF and its receptors in cultured cardiac myofibroblasts,” Cardiovascular Research, vol. 74, no. 1, pp. 140–150, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
98. K. Yamakawa, M. Hosoi, and H. Koyama, et al., “Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-$\gamma$ agonists increase vascular endothelial growth factor expression in human vascular smooth muscle cells,” Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, vol. 271, no. 3, pp. 571–574, 2000. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
99. K. Handschuh, J. Guibourdenche, M. Guesnon, I. Laurendeau, D. Evain-Brion, and T. Fournier, “Modulation of PAPP-A expression by PPAR$\gamma$ in human first trimester trophoblast,” Placenta, vol. 27, supplement 1, pp. 127–134, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
100. B. M. Forman, P. Tontonoz, J. Chen, R. P. Brun, B. M. Spiegelman, and R. M. Evans, “15-deoxy-${\Delta }^{12,14}$-prostaglandin ${\text{J}}_2$ is a ligand for the adipocyte determination factor PPAR$\gamma$,” Cell, vol. 83, no. 5, pp. 803–812, 1995. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
101. R. L. Schild, C. M. Sonnenberg-Hirche, W. T. Schaiff, I. Bildirici, D. M. Nelson, and Y. Sadovsky, “The kinase p38 regulates peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-γ in human trophoblasts,” Placenta, vol. 27, no. 2-3, pp. 191–199, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
102. S. S.-T. Lee and F. J. Gonzalez, “Targeted disruption of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor $\alpha$ gene, PPAR$\alpha$,” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, vol. 804, no. 1, pp. 524–529, 1996. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
103. G. B. Dealtry, M. K. O'Farrell, and N. Fernandez, “The Th2 cytokine environment of the placenta,” International Archives of Allergy and Immunology, vol. 123, no. 2, pp. 107–119, 2000. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
104. J. C. Huang, W. S. Wun, J. S. Goldsby, I. C. Wun, D. Noorhasan, and K. K. Wu, “Stimulation of embryo hatching and implantation by prostacyclin and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor $\delta$ activation: implication in IVF,” Human Reproduction, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 807–814, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
105. H. Lim and S. K. Dey, “PPAR$\delta$ functions as a prostacyclin receptor in blastocyst implantation,” Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 137–142, 2000. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
106. M. Lappas, M. Permezel, H. M. Georgiou, and G. E. Rice, “Nuclear factor $\kappa$ B regulation of proinflammatory cytokines in human gestational tissues in vitro,” Biology of Reproduction, vol. 67, no. 2, pp. 668–673, 2002. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
107. S. A. Törnblom, F. A. Patel, and B. Byström, et al., “15-Hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase and cyclooxygenase 2 messenger ribonucleic acid expression and immunohistochemical localization in human cervical tissue during term and preterm labor,” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, vol. 89, no. 6, pp. 2909–2915, 2004.
108. M. Lappas, M. Permezel, and G. E. Rice, “15-deoxy-${\Delta }^{12,14}$-rostaglandin ${\text{J}}_2$ and troglitazone regulation of the release of phospholipid metabolites, inflammatory cytokines and proteases from guman gestational tissues,” Placenta, vol. 27, no. 11-12, pp. 1060–1072, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
109. E. T. McKinney, R. Shouri, R. S. Hunt, R. A. Ahokas, and B. M. Sibai, “Plasma, urinary, and salivary 8-epi-prostaglandin ${\text{F}}_{2\alpha }$ levels in normotensive and preeclamptic pregnancies,” American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology, vol. 183, no. 4, pp. 874–877, 2000. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
110. D. B. Klinkner, H. J. Lim, E. Y. Strawn Jr., K. T. Oldham, and T. L. Sander, “An in vivo murine model of rosiglitazone use in pregnancy,” Fertility and Sterility, vol. 86, no. 4, supplement 1, pp. 1074–1079, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
111. L. Waite, R. E. Louie, and R. N. Taylor, “Circulating activators of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors are reduced in preeclamptic pregnancy,” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, vol. 90, no. 2, pp. 620–626, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
112. E. C. Tok, D. Ertunc, O. Bilgin, E. M. Erdal, M. Kaplanoglu, and S. Dilek, “PPAR-$\gamma$2 Pro12Ala polymorphism is associated with weight gain in women with gestational diabetes mellitus,” European Journal of Obstetrics Gynecology & Reproductive Biology, vol. 129, no. 1, pp. 25–30, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
113. A. Jawerbaum, E. Capobianco, and C. Pustovrh, et al., “Influence of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor $\gamma$ activation by its endogenous ligand 15-deoxy${\Delta }^{12,14}$ prostaglandin ${\text{J}}_2$ on nitric oxide production in term placental tissues from diabetic women,” Molecular Human Reproduction, vol. 10, no. 9, pp. 671–676, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
114. L. Capparuccia, D. Marzioni, and A. Giordano, et al., “PPAR$\gamma$ expression in normal human placenta, hydatidiform mole and choriocarcinoma,” Molecular Human Reproduction, vol. 8, no. 6, pp. 574–579, 2002. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
115. V. A. Rodie, A. Young, F. Jordan, N. Sattar, I. A. Greer, and D. J. Freeman, “Human placental peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor $\delta$ and $\gamma$ expression in healthy pregnancy and in preeclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction,” Journal of the Society for Gynecologic Investigation, vol. 12, no. 5, pp. 320–329, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
116. A. Meirhaeghe, C. A. G. Boreham, and L. J. Murray, et al., “A possible role for the PPARG Pro12Ala polymorphism in preterm birth,” Diabetes, vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 494–498, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
117. J. R. Higgins and M. de Swiet, “Blood-pressure measurement and classification in pregnancy,” The Lancet, vol. 357, no. 9250, pp. 131–135, 2001. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
118. A. P. Mackay, C. J. Berg, and H. K. Atrash, “Pregnancy-related mortality from preeclampsia and eclampsia,” Obstetrics & Gynecology, vol. 97, no. 4, pp. 533–538, 2001. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
119. R. N. Taylor, C. J. M. de Groot, Y. K. Cho, and K.-H. Lim, “Circulating factors as markers and mediators of endothelial cell dysfunction in preeclampsia,” Seminars in Reproductive Endocrinology, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 17–31, 1998. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
120. Y. Hamai, T. Fujii, and T. Yamashita, et al., “Evidence for an elevation in serum interleukin-2 and tumor necrosis factor-$\alpha$ levels before the clinical manifestations of preeclampsia,” American Journal of Reproductive Immunology, vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 89–93, 1997.
121. K.-A. Wathén, E. Tuutti, and U.-H. Stenman, et al., “Maternal serum-soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 in early pregnancy ending in preeclampsia or intrauterine growth retardation,” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, vol. 91, no. 1, pp. 180–184, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
122. S.-M. Yie, L.-H. Li, Y.-M. Li, and C. Librach, “HLA-G protein concentrations in maternal serum and placental tissue are decreased in preeclampsia,” American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology, vol. 191, no. 2, pp. 525–529, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
123. R. Thadhani, W. P. Mutter, and M. Wolf, et al., “First trimester placental growth factor and soluble FMS-like tyrosine kinase 1 and risk for preeclampsia,” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, vol. 89, no. 2, pp. 770–775, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
124. D. V. Coonrod, D. E. Hickok, K. Zu, T. R. Easterling, and J. R. Daling, “Risk factors for preeclampsia in twin pregnancies: a population-based cohort study,” Obstetrics & Gynecology, vol. 85, no. 5, part 1, pp. 645–650, 1995. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
125. M. J. McMahon, C. V. Ananth, and R. M. Liston, “Gestational diabetes mellitus: risk factors, obstetric complications and infant outcomes,” Journal of Reproductive Medicine for the Obstetrician and Gynecologist, vol. 43, no. 4, pp. 372–378, 1998.
126. M. Tanaka, G. Jaamaa, and M. Kaiser, et al., “Racial disparity in hypertensive disorders of pregnancy in New York state: a 10-year longitudinal population-based study,” American Journal of Public Health, vol. 97, no. 1, pp. 163–170, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
127. B. A. Beamer, C.-J. Yen, and R. E. Andersen, et al., “Association of the Pro12Ala variant in the peroxisome proliferator- activated receptor-$\gamma$2 gene with obesity in two Caucasian populations,” Diabetes, vol. 47, no. 11, pp. 1806–1808, 1998. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
128. S. J. Hasstedt, Q.-F. Ren, K. Teng, and S. C. Elbein, “Effect of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-$\gamma$2 Pro12Ala variant on obesity, glucose homeostasis, and blood pressure in members of familial type 2 diabetic kindreds,” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, vol. 86, no. 2, pp. 536–541, 2001. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
129. W.-D. Li, J. H. Lee, and R. A. Price, “The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor $\gamma$2 Pro12Ala mutation is associated with early onset extreme obesity and reduced fasting glucose,” Molecular Genetics and Metabolism, vol. 70, no. 2, pp. 159–161, 2000. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
130. S. S. Deeb, L. Fajas, and M. Nemoto, et al., “A Pro12Ala substitution in PPAR$\gamma$2 associated with decreased receptor activity, lower body mass index and improved insulin sensitivity,” Nature Genetics, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 284–287, 1998. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
131. J. Laasanen, S. Heinonen, M. Hiltunen, A. Mannermaa, and M. Laakso, “Polymorphism in the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-$\gamma$ gene in women with preeclampsia,” Early Human Development, vol. 69, no. 1-2, pp. 77–82, 2002. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
132. C. A. Hubel, “Oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia,” Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, vol. 222, no. 3, pp. 222–235, 1999. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
133. B. W. Arbogast, S. C. Leeper, R. D. Merrick, K. E. Olive, and R. N. Taylor, “Which plasma factors bring about disturbance of endothelial function in pre-eclampsia?,” The Lancet, vol. 343, no. 8893, pp. 340–341, 1994. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
134. C. W. G. Redman and I. L. Sargent, “Pre-eclampsia, the placenta and the maternal systemic inflammatory response—a review,” Placenta, vol. 24, supplement 1, pp. S21–S27, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
135. M. J. Reginato, S. L. Krakow, S. T. Bailey, and M. A. Lazar, “Prostaglandins promote and block adipogenesis through opposing effects on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor $\gamma$,” Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 273, no. 4, pp. 1855–1858, 1998. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
136. P. L. Ogburn Jr., S. B. Johnson, P. P. Williams, and R. T. Holman, “Levels of free fatty acids and arachidonic acid in pregnancy and labor,” Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine, vol. 95, no. 6, pp. 943–949, 1980.
137. P. L. Ogburn Jr., P. P. Williams, S. B. Johnson, and R. T. Holman, “Serum arachidonic acid levels in normal and preeclamptic pregnancies,” American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology, vol. 148, no. 1, pp. 5–9, 1984.
138. C. J. M. de Groot, J. T. Murai, J.-L. Vigne, and R. N. Taylor, “Eicosanoid secretion by human endothelial cells exposed to normal pregnancy and preeclampsia plasma in vitro,” Prostaglandins Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids, vol. 58, no. 2, pp. 91–97, 1998. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
139. D. Hornung, I. P. Ryan, V. A. Chao, J.-L. Vigne, E. D. Schriock, and R. N. Taylor, “Immunolocalization and regulation of the chemokine RANTES in human endometrial and endometriosis tissues and cells,” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, vol. 82, no. 5, pp. 1621–1628, 1997. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
140. S. Blackburn and D. Loper, Maternal Fetal and Neonatal Physiology: A Clinical Perspective, Harcourt Brace Jovanovic, Philadelphia, Pa, USA, 1992.
141. W. W. Hay Jr., “Placental transport of nutrients to the fetus,” Hormone Research, vol. 42, no. 4-5, pp. 215–222, 1994. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
142. L. Jovanovic and D. J. Pettitt, “Gestational diabetes mellitus,” Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. 286, no. 20, pp. 2516–2518, 2001. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
143. C. B. Rudra, T. K. Sorensen, W. M. Leisenring, E. Dashow, and M. A. Williams, “Weight characteristics and height in relation to risk of gestational diabetes mellitus,” American Journal of Epidemiology, vol. 165, no. 3, pp. 302–308, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
144. F. Galtier-Dereure, C. Boegner, and J. Bringer, “Obesity and pregnancy: complications and cost,” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 71, no. 5, supplement, pp. 1242S–1248S, 2000.
145. P. M. Catalano, “Increasing maternal obesity and weight gain during pregnancy: the obstetric problems of plentitude,” Obstetrics & Gynecology, vol. 110, no. 4, pp. 743–744, 2007.
146. C. J. P. Jones and H. Fox, “Placental changes in gestational diabetes. An ultrastructural study,” Obstetrics & Gynecology, vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 274–280, 1976.
147. A. Åberg, H. Rydhstroem, and A. Frid, “Impaired glucose tolerance associated with adverse pregnancy outcome: a population-based study in southern Sweden,” American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology, vol. 184, no. 2, pp. 77–83, 2001. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
148. D. B. Carr, K. M. Utzschneider, and R. L. Hull, et al., “Gestational diabetes mellitus increases the risk of cardiovascular disease in women with a family history of type 2 diabetes,” Diabetes Care, vol. 29, no. 9, pp. 2078–2083, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
149. H. Lee, H. C. Jang, H. K. Park, and N. H. Cho, “Early manifestation of cardiovascular disease risk factors in offspring of mothers with previous history of gestational diabetes mellitus,” Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, vol. 78, no. 2, pp. 238–245, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
150. M. Morifuji, C. Sanbongi, and K. Sugiura, “Dietary soya protein intake and exercise training have an additive effect on skeletal muscle fatty acid oxidation enzyme activities and mRNA levels in rats,” British Journal of Nutrition, vol. 96, no. 3, pp. 469–475, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
151. C. Zhang, S. Liu, C. G. Solomon, and F. B. Hu, “Dietary fiber intake, dietary glycemic load, and the risk for gestational diabetes mellitus,” Diabetes Care, vol. 29, no. 10, pp. 2223–2230, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
152. E. Oken, Y. Ning, S. L. Rifas-Shiman, J. S. Radesky, J. W. Rich-Edwards, and M. W. Gillman, “Associations of physical activity and inactivity before and during pregnancy with glucose tolerance,” Obstetrics & Gynecology, vol. 108, no. 5, pp. 1200–1207, 2006.
153. T. L. Weissgerber, L. A. Wolfe, G. A. L. Davies, and M. F. Mottola, “Exercise in the prevention and treatment of maternal-fetal disease: a review of the literature,” Applied Physiology, Nutrition and Metabolism, vol. 31, no. 6, pp. 661–674, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
154. H. Leipold, M. Knoefler, C. Gruber, A. Huber, P. Haslinger, and C. Worda, “Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor $\gamma$ coactivator-1$\alpha$ gene variations are not associated with gestational diabetes mellitus,” Journal of the Society for Gynecologic Investigation, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 104–107, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
155. S. Fukuen, M. Iwaki, A. Yasui, M. Makishima, M. Matsuda, and I. Shimomura, “Sulfonylurea agents exhibit peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor $\gamma$ agonistic activity,” Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 280, no. 25, pp. 23653–23659, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
156. O. Langer, D. L. Conway, M. D. Berkus, E. M.-J. Xenakis, and O. Gonzales, “A comparison of glyburide and insulin in women with gestational diabetes mellitus,” New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 343, no. 16, pp. 1134–1138, 2000. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
157. C. Ferretti, L. Bruni, V. Dangles-Marie, A. P. Pecking, and D. Bellet, “Molecular circuits shared by placental and cancer cells, and their implications in the proliferative, invasive and migratory capacities of trophoblasts,” Human Reproduction Update, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 121–141, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
158. D. P. Hewitt, P. J. Mark, and B. J. Waddell, “Placental expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors in rat pregnancy and the effect of increased glucocorticoid exposure,” Biology of Reproduction, vol. 74, no. 1, pp. 23–28, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
159. W. T. Schaiff, F. F. Knapp Jr., Y. Barak, T. Biron-Shental, D. M. Nelson, and Y. Sadovsky, “Ligand-activated peroxisome proliferator activated receptor $\gamma$ alters placental morphology and placental fatty acid uptake in mice,” Endocrinology, vol. 148, no. 8, pp. 3625–3634, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
160. J. A. Keelan, R. J. A. Helliwell, and B. E. Nijmeijer, et al., “15-deoxy-${\Delta }^{12,14}$-prostaglandin ${\text{J}}_2$-induced apoptosis in amnion-like WISH cells,” Prostaglandins & Other Lipid Mediators, vol. 66, no. 4, pp. 265–282, 2001. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
161. H. Hasegawa, H. Takano, and Y. Zou, et al., “Pioglitazone, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor $\gamma$ activator, ameliorates experimental autoimmune myocarditis by modulating Th1/Th2 balance,” Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 257–265, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
162. S. Dasgupta, A. Roy, M. Jana, D. M. Hartley, and K. Pahan, “Gemfibrozil ameliorates relapsing-remitting experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis independent of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-$\alpha$,” Molecular Pharmacology, vol. 72, no. 4, pp. 934–946, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed