Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors: “Key” Regulators of Neuroinflammation after Traumatic Brain Injury

Table 1

Selected publications on the role of PPARs in CNS injury and inflammation.

Models of CNS injury and neuroinflammation	PPAR isotype	Main findings	Reference no.
Different models of CNS injury	PPAR𝛾	Review on the mechanisms of neuroprotection by PPAR𝛾 agonists	Kapadia et al. [20]
Different models of CNS injury	PPAR𝛼, PPAR𝛾	Review on pharmacological neuroprotection by PPARs	Bordet et al. [14]
Brain inflammation	PPAR𝛾	Review on regulation of microglial activation by PPAR𝛾 agonists	Bernardo and Minghetti [63]
Spinal cord injury	All isotypes	Review on the role of PPAR signal transduction in spinal cord injury	Van Neerven and Mey [15]
Spinal cord injury	PPAR𝛼	Experimental model of spinal cord injury in PPAR𝛼 gene knockout mice. Lack of PPAR𝛼 leads to worse outcome and increased neuroinflammation.	Genovese et al. [16]
Cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury	PPAR𝛾	The PPAR𝛾 agonists rosiglitazone and pioglitazone exert neuroprotective effects in a rat model of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury by reducing neuroinflammation and oxidative stress.	Collino et al. [50]
Intracerebral hemorrhage	PPAR𝛾	PPAR𝛾 expressed by microglia and macrophages promotes the resolution of intracerebral hemorrhage and attenuates the neuroinflammatory response.	Zhao et al. [19]
Traumatic brain injury	PPAR𝛼	The PPAR𝛼 agonist fenofibrate reduces brain edema and improves the neurological outcome after experimental fluid percussion brain injury in male Sprague-Dawley rats.	Besson et al. [21]
Traumatic brain injury	PPAR𝛼	The PPAR𝛼 agonist fenofibrate promotes neurological recovery by reducing inflammation and oxidative stress in rat brains after experimental fluid percussion brain injury.	Chen et al. [17]
Neuroinflammation	All isotypes	Review on the interaction between cannabinoids and PPARs as inhibitors of neuroinflammation	Sun and Bennett [83]