New Target Genes for the Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor- (PPAR) Antitumour Activity: Perspectives from the Insulin Receptor
Figure 1
Upon binding of insulin, the IR undergoes autophosphorylation which enables the receptor to have a kinase activity and phosphorylates various cytoplasmic substrates, such as IRSs. From this point, signaling proceeds via a variety of signaling pathways (i.e., PI3K signaling pathway, Ras and MAP kinase cascade) that are responsible for the metabolic, growth-promoting and mitogenic effects of insulin.