PPAR/RXR Regulation of Fatty Acid Metabolism and Fatty Acid 𝜔-Hydroxylase (CYP4) Isozymes: Implications for Prevention of Lipotoxicity in Fatty Liver Disease

Figure 1

Schematic diagram of the role of saturated fatty acids in causing nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases and lipotoxicity. The positive signs with solid lines represent activation and/or upregulation of the downstream targets while the negative signs with broken lines indicate the opposite effects. Abbreviations used are HNF4𝛼, hepatocyte nuclear factor 4; PPAR𝛼, peroxisome proliferator activator receptor 𝛼; AOX, acyl-CoA oxidase; CYP4A, cytochrome P450 4A; Scd-1, stearoyl-CoA desaturase.