Various Terpenoids Derived from Herbal and Dietary Plants Function as PPAR Modulators and Regulate Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism

Figure 1

Biosynthetic routes to polyprenyl pyrophosphate terpenoid biosynthetic pathways. Dxs: 1-deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase; IspC: 1-deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase; IspD: 4-diphosphocytidyl-2-C-methyl-d-erythritol synthase; IspE: 4-diphosphocytidyl-2-C-methyl-d-erythritol kinase; IspF: 2-C-methyl-d-erythritol2,4-cyclodiphosphate synthase; IspG: 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-(E)-butenyl 4-diphosphate synthase; IspH: 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-(E)-butenyl 4-diphosphate reductase; AtoB, acetyl-CoA C-acetyltransferase; HMGS: hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA synthase; HMGR: hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase; MK: mevalonate kinase; PMK: phosphomevalonate kinase; MPD: mevalonate pyrophosphate decarboxylase; Idi: isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase; GPP: geranyl pyrophosphate; FPP: farnesyl pyrophosphate; GGPP: geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate.