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Hematological malignancy/cell line | PPAR agonist | Comments | Ref |
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HL-60 | troglitazone | Inhibited cell proliferation by G1 arrest; induced differentiation to monocytes | [366] |
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HL-60 | 15d-PGJ2, troglitazone | Inhibited cell proliferation; induced caspase-dependent apoptosis | [367] |
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HL-60, K562 | 15d-PGJ2, troglitazone | Induced apoptosis through Bax/Bcl-2 regulation | [368] |
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Mono Mac 6, U937 | 15d-PGJ2, troglitazone | Induced apoptosis; downregulated cyclooxygenase-2 | [369] |
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HL-60 | 15d-PGJ2 | PPAR-independent TRAIL-induced apoptosis | [370] |
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Jurkat, PC3 | 15d-PGJ2 | PPAR-independent TRAIL-induced apoptosis | [371] |
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EoL-1, U937, KPB-M15 | troglitazone | Inhibited cell proliferation by G0/G1 arrest | [372] |
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HL-60, K562 | 15d-PGJ2, troglitazone | Inhibited cell growth, adhesion, and invasion through Matrigel; inhibited MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression | [230] |
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AML | DIM #34 | Inhibited cell growth; induced apoptosis through PPAR-dependent and independent mechanism | [365] |
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HL-60, U937, AML, CLL | rosiglitazone, 15d-PGJ2, CDDO | Inhibited cell growth, induced differentiation, induced apoptosis when combined with RXR-selective ligands | [373] |
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HL-60 | Thiazolidinedione | Inhibited cell proliferation by G0/G1 arrest; induced apoptosis; induced differentiation | [374] |
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U937 | troglitazone | Inhibited cell proliferation by G1 arrest | [375] |
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NB4 | 15d-PGJ2, pioglitazone | Inhibited cell proliferation; induced differentiation and lipogenesis when combined with specific RXR ligands | [376] |
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HL-60, AML | CDDO-Me | Induced cell differentiation; induced apoptosis | [214, 363, 364] |
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HL-60 | CDDO | Induced apoptosis; induced differentiation and increased phagocytosis at sub-apoptotic doses | [377] |
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APL, NB4, MR2 | CDDO | Enhanced all-trans-retinoic acid-induced differentiation and apoptosis | [378] |
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AML | CDDO | Induced apoptosis in a caspase-dependent and independent manner | [379] |
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U937 | CDDO-Im | Inhibited cell proliferation; induced differentiation through PPAR-independent mechanism | [50] |
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U937 | CDDO, CDDO-Me, CDDO-Im | Induced apoptosis by increasing reactive oxygen species and decreasing intracellular glutathione | [380] |
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THP-1 | rosiglitazone | Inhibited 9-cis retinoic acid-induced cell growth | [381] |
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THP-1 | troglitazone, rosiglitazone | Inhibited MCP-1-induced migration | [382] |
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K562, KU812, KCL22, BV173, SD1, SupB-15 | TZD18 | Inhibited cell growth through a PPAR-independent mechanism; inhibited proliferation; induced apoptosis | [359, 383] |
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K562 | troglitazone, pioglitazone | Inhibited cell proliferation and erythroid phenotype; downregulated GATA-1 | [384] |
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B-ALL | 15d-PGJ2, pioglitazone | Inhibited cell growth by G1 arrest; induced apoptosis partially dependent on caspase signaling | [385] |
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UTree-O2, Bay91, 380 | troglitazone | Inhibited cell growth by G1 arrest; induced apoptosis; downregulates c-myc expression | [386] |
U266, RPMI 8226, BL-41, HS-Sultan | 15d-PGJ2 | Induced apoptosis; downregulation of -dependent antiapoptotic proteins | [387] |
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Jurkat, J-Jahn, T-ALL | 15d-PGJ2, PGD2 | Induced apoptosis through PPAR-dependent mechanism | [388] |
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Karpas 299 | 15d-PGJ2, GW7845, rosiglitazone | Induced cell death at high ligand concentration but promoted cell survival at low doses | [389] |
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CTCL and Sezary syndrome cell lines: MJ, Hut78, and HH | CDDO | Induced apoptosis through a PPAR-independent mechanism by decreasing antiapoptotic protein Bcl-xL and activating caspase 3 | [390] |
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GRANTA-519, Hbl-2, JeKo-1 | 15d-PGJ2, rosi-glitazone, pioglitazone | Induced apoptosis and downregulation of cyclin D1 | [391] |
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CLL B cells | CDDO | Induced apoptosis in part by activation of caspase-8 | [392] |
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CLL B cells, Jurkat | CDDO | Induced apoptosis through the intrinsic pathway | [393] |
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DLBCL | CDDO | Inhibited proliferation; induced apoptosis through a PPAR-independent mechanism | [47] |
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Primary B lymphocytes, Ramos, OCI-Ly19 DLBCL | CDDO, CDDO-Im, Di-CDDO | Induced apoptosis through a mitochondrial dependent pathway | [394] |
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ANBL6, RPMI 8226 | 15d-PGJ2, ciglitazone | Induced apoptosis via caspase activation and mitochondrial depolarization | [208] |
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LP-1, U-266, RPMI 8226-S, OPM-2, IM-9 | rosiglitazone, pioglitazone, 15d-PGJ2 | Inhibited tumor cell growth | [395] |
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Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia | rosiglitazone, ciglitazone | Inhibited cell growth; induced apoptosis | [396] |
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multiple myeloma (MM) drug sensitive MM.1S or drug resistant MM.1R cells, KAS6/1, ANBL-6 | 15d-PGJ2, troglitazone | Inhibited cell adhesion to BMSCs and adhesion-triggered IL-6 production; overcame resistance to dexamethasone (MM.1R cells) | [212] |
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MM cells, U266, RPMI 8226, bone marrow mononuclear cells | CDDO, CDDO-Im | Induced apoptosis by disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential | [397] |
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Dexamethasone-resistant MM.R1, RPMI 8226/LR-5, RMPI 8226/Dox-40, U266 | CDDO-Im | Induced apoptosis; decreased MM adhesion-triggered IL-6 production | [398] |
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RPMI 8226, JJN3 | CDDO-Im | Inhibited Stat3 and Stat5 phosphorylation; induced Stat inhibitors SOCS-1 and SHP-1 | [399] |
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Normal human B cells and B lymphoma cells (Daudi, Ramos, Raji) | rosiglitazone, pioglitazone, 15d-PGJ2 | Inhibited cell proliferation; induced apoptosis | [209] |
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MM cell lines (RPMI 8226 and U266); BMSCs, HS-5 | PPAR over-expression; ciglitazone | PPAR overexpression inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis in MM cells; inhibited IL-6 production in BMSCs | [207] |
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B cell lymphoma (Raji, Ramos cell lines) | PPAR siRNA | Silencing of PPAR induced cell proliferation and cell differentiation; PPAR knockdown enhanced NF-κB activity in Ramos cells | [206] |
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