PPAR Research
Volume 2010 (2010), Article ID 848645, 11 pages
doi:10.1155/2010/848645
Research Article

Cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) and Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma (PPARG) Are Stage-Dependent Prognostic Markers of Malignant Melanoma

1Department of Dermatology, University of Regensburg, 93042 Regensburg, Germany
2Department of Hematology and Oncology, University of Regensburg, 93042 Regensburg, Germany
3Institute of Pathology, University of Regensburg, 93042 Regensburg, Germany
4Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
5Institute of Clinical Pathology, University of Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
6OncoRay - Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, TU Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
7Institute of Surgical Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 12, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland

Received 10 March 2009; Accepted 14 April 2009

Academic Editor: Dipak Panigrahy

Copyright © 2010 Stefanie Meyer et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Linked References

  1. T. Hla and K. Neilson, “Human cyclooxygenase-2 cDNA,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 89, no. 16, pp. 7384–7388, 1992. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
  2. A. J. Dannenberg, N. K. Altorki, J. O. Boyle, D. T. Lin, and K. Subbaramaiah, “Inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2: an approach to preventing cancer of the upper aerodigestive tract,” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, vol. 952, pp. 109–115, 2001.
  3. M. J. Thun, S. J. Henley, and T. Gansler, “Inflammation and cancer: an epidemiological perspective,” Novartis Foundation Symposium, vol. 256, pp. 6–21, 2004.
  4. C. Bucher, P. Jordan, V. Nickeleit, J. Torhorst, and M. J. Mihatsch, “Relative risk of malignant tumors in analgesic abusers. Effects of long-term intake of aspirin,” Clinical Nephrology, vol. 51, no. 2, pp. 67–72, 1999.
  5. M. Oshima, N. Murai, S. Kargman, et al., “Chemoprevention of intestinal polyposis in the Apcdelta716 mouse by rofecoxib, a specific cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor,” Cancer Research, vol. 61, no. 4, pp. 1733–1740, 2001.
  6. C. Denkert, M. Köbel, S. Berger, et al., “Expression of cyclooxygenase 2 in human malignant melanoma,” Cancer Research, vol. 61, no. 1, pp. 303–308, 2001.
  7. C. Lee, J. A. Ramirez, J. Guitart, and L. K. Diaz, “Expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma during malignant melanoma progression,” Journal of Cutaneous Pathology, vol. 35, no. 11, pp. 989–994, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
  8. S. Y. Buckman, A. Gresham, P. Hale, et al., “COX-2 expression is induced by UVB exposure in human skin: implications for the development of skin cancer,” Carcinogenesis, vol. 19, no. 5, pp. 723–729, 1998.
  9. T. Nijsten, E. Geluyckens, C. Colpaert, and J. Lambert, “Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors in squamous cell carcinoma and its precursors,” Journal of Cutaneous Pathology, vol. 32, no. 5, pp. 340–347, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
  10. H. P. Koeffler, “Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma and cancers,” Clinical Cancer Research, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 1–9, 2003.
  11. E. Mueller, M. Smith, P. Sarraf, et al., “Effects of ligand activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ in human prostate cancer,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 97, no. 20, pp. 10990–10995, 2000. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
  12. V. Subbarayan, A. L. Sabichi, J. Kim, et al., “Differential peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ isoform expression and agonist effects in normal and malignant prostate cells,” Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention, vol. 13, no. 11, pp. 1710–1716, 2004.
  13. E. Mueller, P. Sarraf, P. Tontonoz, et al., “Terminal differentiation of human breast cancer through PPARγ,” Molecular Cell, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 465–470, 1998. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
  14. G. Y. Zhang, N. Ahmed, C. Riley, et al., “Enhanced expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma in epithelial ovarian carcinoma,” British Journal of Cancer, vol. 92, no. 1, pp. 113–119, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
  15. S. Stadlmann, U. Gueth, E. Wight, L. A. Kunz-Schughart, A. Hartmann, and G. Singer, “Expression of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ and cyclo-oxygenase 2 in primary and recurrent ovarian carcinoma,” Journal of Clinical Pathology, vol. 60, no. 3, pp. 307–310, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
  16. S. Hazra, K. A. Peebles, S. Sharma, J. T. Mao, and S. M. Dubinett, “The role of PPARγ in the cyclooxygenase pathway in lung cancer,” PPAR Research, vol. 2008, Article ID 790568, 7 pages, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
  17. R. N. DuBois, R. Gupta, J. Brockman, B. S. Reddy, S. L. Krakow, and M. A. Lazar, “The nuclear eicosanoid receptor, PPARγ, is aberrantly expressed in colonic cancers,” Carcinogenesis, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 49–53, 1998. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
  18. C. Grommes, G. E. Landreth, and M. T. Heneka, “Antineoplastic effects of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ agonists,” The Lancet Oncology, vol. 5, no. 7, pp. 419–429, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
  19. W. Placha, D. Gil, A. Dembinska-Kiec, and P. Laidler, “The effect of PPARγ ligands on the proliferation and apoptosis of human melanoma cells,” Melanoma Research, vol. 13, no. 5, pp. 447–456, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
  20. C. Freudlsperger, I. Moll, U. Schumacher, and A. Thies, “Anti-proliferative effect of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma agonists on human malignant melanoma cells in vitro,” Anti-Cancer Drugs, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 325–332, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
  21. C. Hafner, A. Reichle, and T. Vogt, “New indications for established drugs: combined tumor-stroma-targeted cancer therapy with PPARγ agonists, COX-2 inhibitors, mTOR antagonists and metronomic chemotherapy,” Current Cancer Drug Targets, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 393–419, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
  22. A. Reichle, T. Vogt, B. Coras, et al., “Targeted combined anti-inflammatory and angiostatic therapy in advanced melanoma: a randomized phase II trial,” Melanoma Research, vol. 17, no. 6, pp. 360–364, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
  23. A. Reichle, K. Bross, T. Vogt, et al., “Pioglitazone and rofecoxib combined with angiostatically scheduled trofosfamide in the treatment of far-advanced melanoma and soft tissue sarcoma,” Cancer, vol. 101, no. 10, pp. 2247–2256, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
  24. R. Simon, A. Nocito, T. Hübscher, et al., “Patterns of her-2/neu amplification and overexpression in primary and metastatic breast cancer,” Journal of the National Cancer Institute, vol. 93, no. 15, pp. 1141–1146, 2001. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
  25. L. Bubendorf, A. Nocito, H. Moch, and G. Sauter, “Tissue microarray (TMA) technology: miniaturized pathology archives for high-throughput in situ studies,” The Journal of Pathology, vol. 195, no. 1, pp. 72–79, 2001. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
  26. P. J. Wild, S. Meyer, F. Bataille, et al., “Tissue microarray analysis of methylthioadenosine phosphorylase protein expression in melanocytic skin tumors,” Archives of Dermatology, vol. 142, no. 4, pp. 471–476, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
  27. A. Nocito, L. Bubendorf, E. M. Tinner, et al., “Microarrays of bladder cancer tissue are highly representative of proliferation index and histological grade,” The Journal of Pathology, vol. 194, no. 3, pp. 349–357, 2001.
  28. D. Hanahan, G. Bergers, and E. Bergsland, “Less is, more, regularly: metronomic dosing of cytotoxic drugs can target tumor angiogenesis in mice,” The Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol. 105, no. 8, pp. 1045–1047, 2000. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
  29. V. Hofmeister, D. Schrama, and J. C. Becker, “Anti-cancer therapies targeting the tumor stroma,” Cancer Immunology, Immunotherapy, vol. 57, no. 1, pp. 1–17, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
  30. G. P. Vandoros, P. A. Konstantinopoulos, G. Sotiropoulou-Bonikou, et al., “PPAR-gamma is expressed and NF-KB pathway is activated and correlates positively with COX-2 expression in stromal myofibroblasts surrounding colon adenocarcinomas,” Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology, vol. 132, no. 2, pp. 76–84, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
  31. H. Inoue, T. Tanabe, and K. Umesono, “Feedback control of cyclooxygenase-2 expression through PPARγ,” The Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 275, no. 36, pp. 28028–28032, 2000. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
  32. H. Ikawa, H. Kameda, H. Kamitani, et al., “Effect of PPAR activators on cytokine-stimulated cyclooxygenase-2 expression in human colorectal carcinoma cells,” Experimental Cell Research, vol. 267, no. 1, pp. 73–80, 2001.