Review Article

Modulation of PPAR-γ by Nutraceutics as Complementary Treatment for Obesity-Related Disorders and Inflammatory Diseases

Table 2

Modulation of PPAR-γ by nutraceutics.

Bioactive (nutraceutic)Effect on PPAR-γRef.

RetinaldehydeInhibit PPAR-γ activity in adipocyte cell cultures and mouse models[45]
-apo-149-carotenalInhibit PPAR-γ activity and adipogenesis in adipocyte cell culture[46]
- and γ-tocopherolActivate PPAR-γ expression in colon cancer cells[47, 48]
Retinoic acid and 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3Inhibited adipocyte differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes by repressing the upregulated protein expression of PPAR-γ2[49]
N3 fatty acids from fish oil Increases adiponectin level and upregulates PPAR-γ[50, 51]
Linoleic acidAgonist for PPAR-γ  
Activation of PPAR-α and -γ
[52]
[53]
QuercetinInhibited activation of all three isoforms of PPAR[54]
Banana lectin and garlic lectinExert an adipogenic effect on mesenchymal cells and upregulate PPAR-γ2 expression[55]
1,2-vinyldithiin (1,2-DT) (from garlic)Inhibits differentiation and inflammation of human preadipocyte in vitro by a reduction in expression of PPAR-γ2[56]
CurcuminActivates PPAR-γ in colon cancer cell line[57]
ResveratrolDownregulates PPAR-γ 1–3 mRNA expression in human visceral adipocytes[58]
Lanostane triterpenesSuppress PPAR-γ expression in 3T3-L1 cells[59]
Fructooligosaccharides and mannooligosaccharidesInduced PPAR-γ in Caco-2 cells[60]
NeolignansPPAR-γ agonists[61]
S. boulardii Upregulated PPAR-γ expression in human colonocytes and in HT-29 colonic epithelial cells[62]
Inhibited TNF-α-mediated regulation of PPAR-γ[63]

PPAR: Peroxisome proliferation-activated receptor; PPAR-γ: PPAR-gamma; S. boulardii: Saccharomyces boulardii.