The Role of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors in Colorectal Cancer

Table 1

Potential molecular mechanisms for anticancer activity of PPARγ.

Actions and molecular mechanisms	References
(1) Inhibition of cell proliferation and induction of apoptosis
(1) Upregulation of PTEN	[47, 48]
(2) Downregulation of survivin	[49]
(3) Downregulation of XIAP	[50, 51]
(4) Suppression of NF-κB	[52]
(5) Up-regulation of cyclin-dependent kinase; (CDK) inhibitors, down-regulation of CDK, and; down-regulation of cyclin D1	[51, 53–57]
(6) Down-regulation of COX-2	[51]
(7) Up-regulation of Krüppel-like Factor4 (KLF4)	[58, 59]
(8) Up-regulation of Bax and down-regulation of Bcl-2	[51, 60, 61]
(9) Inhibition of telomerase activity and hTERT expression	[62]
(2) Induction of cellular differentiation
Up-regulation of E-cadherin and Drg-1 gene expression	[63]
(3) Inhibition of angiogenesis
(1) Down-regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)	[64]
(2) Down-regulation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)	[65]
(3) Down-regulation of iNOS and COX-2	[66–72]
(4) Down-regulation of proinflammatory mediators	[73]