Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors and the Heart: Lessons from the Past and Future Directions

Table 1

The expression of the PPARs and their gene targets. Modified from [49, 51].

Properties	PPAR-α	PPAR-β/δ	PPAR-γ
Tissue expression	Main tissues: tissues exhibiting high catabolic rates of FA (liver, skeletal muscle); Other tissues: heart, intestine, kidney, and brown adipose tissue	Ubiquitous: however, the biggest expression is in liver, esophagus, intestine, kidney, and skeletal muscle	Main tissue: adipose tissue (white and brown); Other tissues: liver, intestine, kidney, retina, immunologic system (bone marrow, lymphocytes, monocytes, and macrophages), and trace amounts in muscles
Gene targets	β-oxidation pathway (acyl-CoA oxidation, bifunctional enzyme, and thiolase); Sterol 12-hydroxylase (CYP8B1); FATP; FAT/CD36; L-FABP; Lipoprotein lipase; apo A-I and A-II	Genes involved in lipid uptake; it represses genes implicated in lipid metabolism and efflux	FA-binding protein (aP2); Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (enzyme of the glyceroneogenesis pathway); FATP; FAT/CD36

FA: fatty acid, FATP: fatty acid transport protein, L-FABP: liver cytosolic fatty acid-binding protein, and apo: apolipoprotein.