Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-γ Is Critical to Cardiac Fibrosis

Figure 2

The possible underlying mechanisms involved in PPARγ agonists alleviate cardiac fibrosis. PPARγ agonists show pleiotropy functions associated with inhibiting cardiac fibrosis via variety of signaling pathways. PPARγ: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ; PPREs: peroxisome proliferator response elements; NF-κB: nuclear factor-κB; MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase; JNK: Jun NH₂-terminal kinase phosphorylation; ERK: extracellular signal-regulated kinase; AMPK: adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinas; PGC1α: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1α; AKT: also known as protein kinase B.