Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-γ Is Critical to Cardiac Fibrosis
Table 3
Effects of PPAR ligands on hypertension related cardiac fibrosis.
Study model
Dose/duration/route
Major cardiac findings and conclusions
Ref.
Male SHR and WKY rats, 8 weeks old Cell culture: CFs form SD rats, 1-2 days old
Curcumin 100 mg/kg/d or curcumin 100 mg/kg/d plus GW9662 10 mg/kg/d for 12 weeks, gavage
Curcumin attenuates cardiac fibrosis in SHRs and inhibits Ang II- induced production of CTGF, PAI-1, ECM, TGFβ1, and phosphorylation of Smad2/3 in CFs in vitro
Pioglitazone 10 mg/kg/d for 8 weeks, mixed with food
Pioglitazone decreased interstitial fibrosis and number of myofibroblasts; mRNA levels of collagen I and BNP; MMP2 activity and protein level of CTGF. However, the mRNA level of collagen III and TGFβ1, MMP9 activity, and ROS production were not improved
Pioglitazone 10 mg/kg/d for 20 weeks, mixed with food
Subepicardial interstitial fibrosis, left ventricular NF-κB and AP-1 binding activities, the TNFα expression, and the adhesion of PECAM were decreased by pioglitazone treatment
Pioglitazone 1 mg/kg/d or 2 mg/kg/d, candesartan 0.3 mg/kg/d for 4 weeks, gavage
Pioglitazone suppressed cardiac inflammation and fibrosis and reduced vascular endothelial dysfunction by inhibition of cardiovascular NADPH oxidase, and the combination of pioglitazone and candesartan exerted more beneficial effects
Male C57BL/6J rats, 8 weeks old subjected to abdominal aortic banding
Ciglitazone 2 mg/kg/d for 4 weeks, administered in drinking water
Ciglitazone decreased interstitial and perivascular fibrosis and inhibition of an induction of NOX4, iNOS, MMP-2/MMP-13 expression, and collagen synthesis/degradation
Male inbred Dahl salt- sensitive rats, 7 weeks old
Pioglitazone 2.5 mg/kg/d for 4 weeks, gavage
Pioglitazone treatment ameliorated LV hypertrophy and fibrosis and improved diastolic function by activating AMPK signaling and inhibiting Akt signaling.