Signaling Mechanisms of Selective PPARγ Modulators in Alzheimer’s Disease

Table 2

Ligand	Classification	Model	Amyloid	Other pathologies	references
NP00111 and NP01138; (Novel TZDs)	PPARγ agonist	cerebral cortex of embryonic day 18 rats	Decreased Aβ	Prevented activation of microglia and suppressed inflammatory markers.; Restricted cortical or hippocampal neuronal cell death	[43]
Pirinixic acid derivate MH84	Dual gamma-secretase/PPARγ modulator	Thy-1 Aβ mice	reduced cerebral levels of Aβ40	NA	[44]
INT131	SPPARMs- non-thiazolidinedione compound	Rat primary hippocampal neurons	Improved neuronal survival against Aβ	increased dendritic branching, improved mitochondrial functions	[45]
T3D-959	Dual PPAR-δ/PPARγ agonist	streptozotocin-induced AD mouse model	reduced Aβ	Reduced levels of oxidative stress, normalized expression of phospho-tau and choline acetyltransferase.	[42]
		Intracerebral streptozotocin (i.c. STZ) model	-NA-	Improved Brain Insulin/IGF Signaling and reduced neuroinflammation	[46]

PPARγ agonists in various models of AD and its effects on various pathologies. Amyloid beta (Aβ), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ), thiazolidinediones (TZDs), streptozotocin (STZ).