6-Gingerol Normalizes the Expression of Biomarkers Related to Hypertension via PPARδ in HUVECs, HEK293, and Differentiated 3T3-L1 Cells

Figure 1

The effects of 6-gingerol on mRNA biomarkers related to hypertension in HUVECs, HEK293 cells, and differentiated 3T3-L1 cells under pathological conditions. (a, b, c) 6-Gingerol increased the mRNA level of PPARδ compared with disease controls in HUVECs, HEK293, and differentiated 3T3-L1 cells. (b) Treatment with 6-gingerol decreased the mRNA level of AT1R elevated by cholesterol and palmitate treatment in HUVECs and downregulated the TNFα mRNA levels elevated by NaCl treatment in HEK293 cells. (c) In differentiated 3T3-L1 cells, 6- gingerol decreased the levels of PPARγ and FAS. All effects of 6-gingerol in the three cell types were offset by the PPARδ antagonist, GSK0660. The results are expressed as means ± SEM. Values were statistically analyzed using unpaired t-tests. All experiments were repeated three or more times. The statistical significance between the two experimental groups was marked as p < 0.05, p < 0.01, and p < 0.001. Meaning of indications: Ctrl is an untreated control group, CP indicates a cholesterol and palmitate-treated group, CPG indicates a cholesterol, palmitate, and 6-gingerol treated group, and CPGG indicates a cholesterol, palmitate, 6-gingerol, and GSK0660 treated group; Na indicates an NaCl treated group, NaG indicates an NaCl and 6-gingerol treated group, and NaGG indicates an NaCl, 6-gingerol, and GSK0660 treated group; D-Ctrl indicates a differentiation control group without treatment, G indicates a 6-gingerol treated group during differentiation, and GG indicates a 6-gingerol and GSK0660 treated group during differentiation.

(a) HUVEC

(b) HEK293

(c) 3T3-L1