Francine M. Gregoire

Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor <svg style="vertical-align:-0.1638pt" height="12.4375" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 8.9125004 12.4375" width="8.9125004" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,12.162)"><path id="x1D6FF" d="M494 514l-10 -15q-56 76 -106.5 117t-110.5 41q-45 0 -45 -30q0 -28 109 -152q59 -68 86 -118.5t27 -107.5q0 -62 -29.5 -119.5t-86.5 -96.5q-64 -45 -138 -45q-76 0 -121.5 53t-45.5 136q0 74 40.5 135t98.5 95q43 26 87 42q-40 59 -57.5 92t-17.5 62q0 46 39 77.5&#xA;t90 31.5q54 0 97.5 -35.5t65 -78.5t28.5 -84zM359 234q0 84 -90 191q-47 -17 -74 -47q-81 -89 -81 -200q0 -71 32.5 -109.5t72.5 -38.5q47 0 80 33t46.5 77.5t13.5 93.5z" /></g></svg>: A Target with a Broad Therapeutic Potential for Drug Discovery

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors belong to the superfamily of ligand-dependent nuclear receptor transcription factors, which include three subtypes: PPAR-<svg     style="vertical-align:-0.1638pt;width:9.7749996px;" id="M2" height="7.9499998" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 9.7749996 7.9499998" width="9.7749996"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
			<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,7.675)"><path id="x1D6FC" d="M545 106q-67 -118 -134 -118q-24 0 -40 37.5t-30 129.5h-2q-47 -72 -103 -119.5t-108 -47.5q-47 0 -76 45.5t-29 119.5q0 113 85 204t174 91q47 0 70 -33.5t43 -119.5h3q32 47 80 140l55 13l10 -9q-47 -80 -138 -201q17 -99 27.5 -136t22.5 -37q23 0 69 61zM333 204&#xA;q-14 98 -31 149.5t-50 51.5q-49 0 -94 -70t-45 -164q0 -55 15.5 -86t40.5 -31q70 0 164 150z" /></g>

		
	
</svg>, <svg     style="vertical-align:-3.56265pt;width:10px;" id="M3" height="16.6625" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 10 16.6625" width="10"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
			<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,12.162)"><path id="x1D6FD" d="M558 587q0 -32 -14 -61t-40 -53.5t-48.5 -41t-54.5 -36.5q144 -51 144 -174q0 -55 -43.5 -108t-104.5 -87q-77 -42 -131 -42q-31 0 -54 20t-31 47l11 18q48 -29 108 -29q79 0 119.5 43t40.5 109t-44.5 107.5t-119.5 50.5l22 47q34 1 65 21q96 61 96 157q0 42 -24 67.5&#xA;t-62 25.5q-24 0 -43.5 -9t-35 -29.5t-27 -44t-22.5 -63t-19.5 -75.5t-18.5 -91q-57 -294 -68 -380q-26 -190 -35 -200q-26 -31 -97 -37l-4 26q19 9 48 170l77 413q23 121 52.5 187.5t83.5 114.5q70 62 148 62q51 0 88.5 -34t37.5 -91z" /></g>

		
	
</svg>/<svg     style="vertical-align:-0.1638pt;width:8.9125004px;" id="M4" height="12.4375" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 8.9125004 12.4375" width="8.9125004"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
			<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,12.162)"><use xlink:href="#x1D6FF"/></g>

		
	
</svg>, and <svg     style="vertical-align:-3.56265pt;width:8.6374998px;" id="M5" height="12.175" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 8.6374998 12.175" width="8.6374998"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
			<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,7.675)"><path id="x1D6FE" d="M478 372q0 -39 -31 -97t-61 -98t-78 -98q-45 -55 -73 -102q-13 -79 -13 -197q-11 -11 -43.5 -25.5t-53.5 -15.5l-15 17q5 35 26 101.5t47 123.5q8 72 -1.5 174.5t-37.5 178.5q-14 37 -29 37q-20 0 -67 -65l-25 21q37 60 73 90.5t63 30.5q47 0 72 -112q13 -56 17.5 -141.5&#xA;t0.5 -143.5h2q155 193 155 297q0 26 -12 47q-5 8 -5 15q0 16 12.5 27t29.5 11q21 0 34 -21t13 -55z" /></g>

		
	
</svg>. PPAR-<svg     style="vertical-align:-0.1638pt;width:8.9125004px;" id="M6" height="12.4375" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 8.9125004 12.4375" width="8.9125004"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
			<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,12.162)"><use xlink:href="#x1D6FF"/></g>

		
	
</svg>, play important roles in the regulation of cell growth and differentiation as well as tissue wound and repair. Emerging evidence has also demonstrated that PPAR-<svg     style="vertical-align:-0.1638pt;width:8.9125004px;" id="M7" height="12.4375" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 8.9125004 12.4375" width="8.9125004"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
			<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,12.162)"><use xlink:href="#x1D6FF"/></g>

		
	
</svg> is implicated in lipids and glucose metabolism. Most recently, the direct effects of PPAR-<svg     style="vertical-align:-0.1638pt;width:8.9125004px;" id="M8" height="12.4375" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 8.9125004 12.4375" width="8.9125004"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
			<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,12.162)"><use xlink:href="#x1D6FF"/></g>

		
	
</svg> on cardiovascular processes such as endothelial function and angiogenesis have also been investigated. Therefore, it is suggested that PPAR-<svg     style="vertical-align:-0.1638pt;width:8.9125004px;" id="M9" height="12.4375" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 8.9125004 12.4375" width="8.9125004"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
			<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,12.162)"><use xlink:href="#x1D6FF"/></g>

		
	
</svg> may have critical roles in cardiovascular pathophysiology and is a potential target for therapeutic intervention of cardiovascular disorders such as atherosclerosis. 

Nanping Wang

PPAR-<svg style="vertical-align:-0.1638pt" height="12.4375" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 8.9125004 12.4375" width="8.9125004" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,12.162)"><path id="x1D6FF" d="M494 514l-10 -15q-56 76 -106.5 117t-110.5 41q-45 0 -45 -30q0 -28 109 -152q59 -68 86 -118.5t27 -107.5q0 -62 -29.5 -119.5t-86.5 -96.5q-64 -45 -138 -45q-76 0 -121.5 53t-45.5 136q0 74 40.5 135t98.5 95q43 26 87 42q-40 59 -57.5 92t-17.5 62q0 46 39 77.5t90 31.5q54 0 97.5 -35.5t65 -78.5t28.5 -84zM359 234q0 84 -90 191q-47 -17 -74 -47q-81 -89 -81 -200q0 -71 32.5 -109.5t72.5 -38.5q47 0 80 33t46.5 77.5t13.5 93.5z"/></g></svg> in Vascular Pathophysiology

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor <svg     style="vertical-align:-0.1638pt;width:8.9125004px;" id="M2" height="12.4375" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 8.9125004 12.4375" width="8.9125004"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
			<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,12.162)"><use xlink:href="#x1D6FF"/></g>

		
	
</svg> (PPAR<svg     style="vertical-align:-0.1638pt;width:8.9125004px;" id="M3" height="12.4375" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 8.9125004 12.4375" width="8.9125004"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
			<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,12.162)"><use xlink:href="#x1D6FF"/></g>

		
	
</svg>, also known as PPAR<svg     style="vertical-align:-3.56265pt;width:10px;" id="M4" height="16.6625" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 10 16.6625" width="10"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
			<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,12.162)"><path id="x1D6FD" d="M558 587q0 -32 -14 -61t-40 -53.5t-48.5 -41t-54.5 -36.5q144 -51 144 -174q0 -55 -43.5 -108t-104.5 -87q-77 -42 -131 -42q-31 0 -54 20t-31 47l11 18q48 -29 108 -29q79 0 119.5 43t40.5 109t-44.5 107.5t-119.5 50.5l22 47q34 1 65 21q96 61 96 157q0 42 -24 67.5&#xA;t-62 25.5q-24 0 -43.5 -9t-35 -29.5t-27 -44t-22.5 -63t-19.5 -75.5t-18.5 -91q-57 -294 -68 -380q-26 -190 -35 -200q-26 -31 -97 -37l-4 26q19 9 48 170l77 413q23 121 52.5 187.5t83.5 114.5q70 62 148 62q51 0 88.5 -34t37.5 -91z" /></g>

		
	
</svg>) has ubiquitous distribution and extensive biological functions. The reproductive function of PPAR<svg     style="vertical-align:-0.1638pt;width:8.9125004px;" id="M5" height="12.4375" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 8.9125004 12.4375" width="8.9125004"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
			<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,12.162)"><use xlink:href="#x1D6FF"/></g>

		
	
</svg> was first revealed in the uterus at the implantation site. Since then, PPAR<svg     style="vertical-align:-0.1638pt;width:8.9125004px;" id="M6" height="12.4375" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 8.9125004 12.4375" width="8.9125004"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
			<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,12.162)"><use xlink:href="#x1D6FF"/></g>

		
	
</svg> and its ligand have been discovered in all reproductive tissues, including the gametes and the preimplantation embryos. PPAR<svg     style="vertical-align:-0.1638pt;width:8.9125004px;" id="M7" height="12.4375" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 8.9125004 12.4375" width="8.9125004"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
			<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,12.162)"><use xlink:href="#x1D6FF"/></g>

		
	
</svg> in preimplantation embryos is normally activated by oviduct-derived PPAR<svg     style="vertical-align:-0.1638pt;width:8.9125004px;" id="M8" height="12.4375" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 8.9125004 12.4375" width="8.9125004"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
			<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,12.162)"><use xlink:href="#x1D6FF"/></g>

		
	
</svg> ligand. PPAR<svg     style="vertical-align:-0.1638pt;width:8.9125004px;" id="M9" height="12.4375" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 8.9125004 12.4375" width="8.9125004"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
			<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,12.162)"><use xlink:href="#x1D6FF"/></g>

		
	
</svg> activation is associated with an increase in embryonic cell proliferation and a decrease in programmed cell death (apoptosis). On the other hand, the role of PPAR<svg     style="vertical-align:-0.1638pt;width:8.9125004px;" id="M10" height="12.4375" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 8.9125004 12.4375" width="8.9125004"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
			<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,12.162)"><use xlink:href="#x1D6FF"/></g>

		
	
</svg> and its ligand in gamete formation and function is less well understood. This review will summarize the reproductive functions of PPAR<svg     style="vertical-align:-0.1638pt;width:8.9125004px;" id="M11" height="12.4375" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 8.9125004 12.4375" width="8.9125004"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
			<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,12.162)"><use xlink:href="#x1D6FF"/></g>

		
	
</svg> and project its potential applications in assisted reproductive technology.

Jaou-Chen Huang

The Potential Applications of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor <svg style="vertical-align:-0.1638pt" height="12.4375" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 8.9125004 12.4375" width="8.9125004" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,12.162)"><path id="x1D6FF" d="M494 514l-10 -15q-56 76 -106.5 117t-110.5 41q-45 0 -45 -30q0 -28 109 -152q59 -68 86 -118.5t27 -107.5q0 -62 -29.5 -119.5t-86.5 -96.5q-64 -45 -138 -45q-76 0 -121.5 53t-45.5 136q0 74 40.5 135t98.5 95q43 26 87 42q-40 59 -57.5 92t-17.5 62q0 46 39 77.5&#xA;t90 31.5q54 0 97.5 -35.5t65 -78.5t28.5 -84zM359 234q0 84 -90 191q-47 -17 -74 -47q-81 -89 -81 -200q0 -71 32.5 -109.5t72.5 -38.5q47 0 80 33t46.5 77.5t13.5 93.5z" /></g></svg> Ligands in Assisted Reproductive Technology

peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are nuclear receptors acting as lipid sensors. Besides its metabolic activity in peripheral organs, the PPAR beta/delta isotype is highly expressed in the brain and its deletion in mice induces a brain developmental defect. Nevertheless, exploration of PPAR<svg     style="vertical-align:-3.56265pt;width:10px;" id="M2" height="16.6625" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 10 16.6625" width="10"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
			<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,12.162)"><use xlink:href="#x1D6FD"/></g>

		
	
</svg> action in the central nervous system remains sketchy. The lipid content alteration observed in PPAR<svg     style="vertical-align:-3.56265pt;width:10px;" id="M3" height="16.6625" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 10 16.6625" width="10"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
			<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,12.162)"><use xlink:href="#x1D6FD"/></g>

		
	
</svg> null brains and the positive action of PPAR<svg     style="vertical-align:-3.56265pt;width:10px;" id="M4" height="16.6625" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 10 16.6625" width="10"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
			<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,12.162)"><use xlink:href="#x1D6FD"/></g>

		
	
</svg> agonists on oligodendrocyte differentiation, a process characterized by lipid accumulation, suggest that PPAR<svg     style="vertical-align:-3.56265pt;width:10px;" id="M5" height="16.6625" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 10 16.6625" width="10"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
			<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,12.162)"><use xlink:href="#x1D6FD"/></g>

		
	
</svg> acts on the fatty acids and/or cholesterol metabolisms in the brain. PPAR<svg     style="vertical-align:-3.56265pt;width:10px;" id="M6" height="16.6625" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 10 16.6625" width="10"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
			<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,12.162)"><use xlink:href="#x1D6FD"/></g>

		
	
</svg> could also regulate central inflammation and antioxidant mechanisms in the damaged brain. Even if not fully understood, the neuroprotective effect of PPAR<svg     style="vertical-align:-3.56265pt;width:10px;" id="M7" height="16.6625" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 10 16.6625" width="10"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
			<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,12.162)"><use xlink:href="#x1D6FD"/></g>

		
	
</svg> agonists highlights their potential benefit to treat various acute or chronic neurological disorders. In this perspective, we need to better understand the basic function of PPAR<svg     style="vertical-align:-3.56265pt;width:10px;" id="M8" height="16.6625" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 10 16.6625" width="10"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
			<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,12.162)"><use xlink:href="#x1D6FD"/></g>

		
	
</svg> in the brain. This review proposes different leads for future researches.

M. G. Hall

Laure Quignodon

Béatrice Desvergne

Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor <svg style="vertical-align:-3.56265pt" height="16.6625" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 25.7875 16.6625" width="25.7875" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,12.162)"><path id="x1D6FD" d="M558 587q0 -32 -14 -61t-40 -53.5t-48.5 -41t-54.5 -36.5q144 -51 144 -174q0 -55 -43.5 -108t-104.5 -87q-77 -42 -131 -42q-31 0 -54 20t-31 47l11 18q48 -29 108 -29q79 0 119.5 43t40.5 109t-44.5 107.5t-119.5 50.5l22 47q34 1 65 21q96 61 96 157q0 42 -24 67.5&#xA;t-62 25.5q-24 0 -43.5 -9t-35 -29.5t-27 -44t-22.5 -63t-19.5 -75.5t-18.5 -91q-57 -294 -68 -380q-26 -190 -35 -200q-26 -31 -97 -37l-4 26q19 9 48 170l77 413q23 121 52.5 187.5t83.5 114.5q70 62 148 62q51 0 88.5 -34t37.5 -91z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,9.939,12.162)"><path id="x2F" d="M368 703l-264 -866h-60l265 866h59z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,16.942,12.162)"><path id="x1D6FF" d="M494 514l-10 -15q-56 76 -106.5 117t-110.5 41q-45 0 -45 -30q0 -28 109 -152q59 -68 86 -118.5t27 -107.5q0 -62 -29.5 -119.5t-86.5 -96.5q-64 -45 -138 -45q-76 0 -121.5 53t-45.5 136q0 74 40.5 135t98.5 95q43 26 87 42q-40 59 -57.5 92t-17.5 62q0 46 39 77.5&#xA;t90 31.5q54 0 97.5 -35.5t65 -78.5t28.5 -84zM359 234q0 84 -90 191q-47 -17 -74 -47q-81 -89 -81 -200q0 -71 32.5 -109.5t72.5 -38.5q47 0 80 33t46.5 77.5t13.5 93.5z" /></g></svg> in the Brain: Facts and Hypothesis

Myl&#232;ne Perreault

David V. Erbe

James F. Tobin

PPAR<svg style="vertical-align:-0.1092pt" height="11.9" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 9.2749996 11.9" width="9.2749996" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,11.712)"><path id="x1D739" d="M44 169v1q0 90 67 166q68 79 170 95q-104 54 -104 124q0 64 57 97t135 33q47 0 95 -17q47 -17 47 -46q0 -62 -59 -62q-23 0 -40.5 12.5t-26.5 28t-25.5 28t-39.5 12.5q-68 0 -68 -56q0 -39 101 -90q37 -18 64 -34t58 -41t47 -58t16 -72q0 -125 -92 -212q-92 -86 -216 -86&#xA;q-87 0 -136.5 47t-49.5 130zM422 259q0 55 -39 94q-39 40 -68 40q-68 -16 -112 -84q-43 -67 -43 -154q0 -68 20 -95.5t68 -27.5q67 0 120 77q54 78 54 150z" /></g></svg>                 Agonism for the Treatment of Obesity and Associated Disorders: Challenges and Opportunities

The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), which are ligand-inducible transcription factors expressed in a variety of tissues, have been shown to perform key roles in lipid homeostasis. In physiological situations such as fasting and physical exercise, one PPAR subtype, PPARδ, triggers a transcriptional program in skeletal muscle leading to a switch in fuel usage from glucose/fatty acids to solely fatty acids, thereby drastically increasing its oxidative capacity. The metabolic action of PPARδ has also been verified in humans. In addition, it has become clear that the action of PPARδ is not restricted to skeletal muscle. Indeed, PPARδ has been shown to play a crucial role in whole-body lipid homeostasis as well as in insulin sensitivity, and it is active not only in skeletal muscle (as an activator of fat burning) but also in the liver (where it can activate glycolysis/lipogenesis, with the produced fat being oxidized in muscle) and in the adipose tissue (by incrementing lipolysis). The main aim of this review is to highlight the central role for activated PPARδ in the reversal of any tendency toward the development of insulin resistance.

Pieter de Lange

Assunta Lombardi

Elena Silvestri

Fernando Goglia

Antonia Lanni

Maria Moreno

Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Delta: A Conserved Director of Lipid Homeostasis through Regulation of the Oxidative Capacity of Muscle

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-<svg     style="vertical-align:-3.56265pt;width:25.7875px;" id="M2" height="16.6625" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 25.7875 16.6625" width="25.7875"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
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</svg> (PPAR<svg     style="vertical-align:-3.56265pt;width:25.7875px;" id="M3" height="16.6625" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 25.7875 16.6625" width="25.7875"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
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</svg>) is a ligand-activated transcription factor with essential functions in the regulation of lipid catabolism, glucose homeostasis, and inflammation, which makes it a potentially relevant drug target for the treatment of major human diseases. In addition, there is strong evidence that PPAR<svg     style="vertical-align:-3.56265pt;width:25.7875px;" id="M4" height="16.6625" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 25.7875 16.6625" width="25.7875"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
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</svg> modulates oncogenic signaling pathways and tumor growth. Consistent with these observations, numerous reports have clearly documented a role for PPAR<svg     style="vertical-align:-3.56265pt;width:25.7875px;" id="M5" height="16.6625" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 25.7875 16.6625" width="25.7875"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
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</svg> in cell cycle control, differentiation, and apoptosis. However, the precise role of PPAR<svg     style="vertical-align:-3.56265pt;width:25.7875px;" id="M6" height="16.6625" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 25.7875 16.6625" width="25.7875"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
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</svg> in tumorigenesis and cell proliferation remains controversial. This review summarizes our current knowledge and proposes a model corroborating the discrepant data in this area of research.

Rolf Müller

Markus Rieck

Sabine Müller-Brüsselbach

Regulation of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation by PPAR<svg style="vertical-align:-2.79825pt" height="15.5625" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 25.7125 15.5625" width="25.7125" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,12.012)"><path id="x1D737" d="M54 -114l114 487q24 102 62.5 165t102.5 109q53 38 129 38q51 0 86 -33.5t35 -84.5q0 -57 -31.5 -105t-81.5 -68v-2q88 -14 88 -126q0 -64 -29 -127q-29 -62 -90 -107q-62 -44 -143 -44q-67 0 -97 18l-28 -124q-11 -51 -26 -87h-117q9 19 26 91zM304 480l-87 -393q0 -29 19 -44t48 -15q63 0 110 74q46 74 46 153q0 117 -52 117q-6 0 -23.5 -3t-21.5 -3q-33 0 -33 25q0 15 15 25.5t41 10.5q8 0 30 -6q27 -5 28 -5q26 0 41 43t15 89q0 39 -17.5 62t-44.5 23q-46 0 -71 -35.5t-43 -117.5z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,9.497,12.012)"><path id="x2F" d="M368 703l-264 -866h-60l265 866h59z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,16.5,12.012)"><path id="x1D739" d="M44 169v1q0 90 67 166q68 79 170 95q-104 54 -104 124q0 64 57 97t135 33q47 0 95 -17q47 -17 47 -46q0 -62 -59 -62q-23 0 -40.5 12.5t-26.5 28t-25.5 28t-39.5 12.5q-68 0 -68 -56q0 -39 101 -90q37 -18 64 -34t58 -41t47 -58t16 -72q0 -125 -92 -212q-92 -86 -216 -86q-87 0 -136.5 47t-49.5 130zM422 259q0 55 -39 94q-39 40 -68 40q-68 -16 -112 -84q-43 -67 -43 -154q0 -68 20 -95.5t68 -27.5q67 0 120 77q54 78 54 150z"/></g></svg>

About this journal

<p><em>PPAR Research</em> publishes articles related to mechanisms involved in the activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, as well as their role in regulation of cellular differentiation, development, energy homeostasis and metabolic function.</p>


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<p>Chief Editor, Dr Xiao-Jie Lu, is dedicated to basic and translational research on liver diseases. His research at Nanjing Medical University, China, focuses&nbsp;on exploring these diseases' underlying mechanisms that may be translatable to novel diagnostic biomarkers or therapeutic targets.</p>


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PPAR Research publishes articles related to mechanisms involved in the activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, as well as their role in regulation of cellular differentiation, development, energy homeostasis and metabolic function.

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PPAR Research | Hindawi

PPAR Research

<p>This Issue is now open for submissions.</p>
<p>Papers are published upon acceptance, regardless of the Special Issue publication date.</p>


Call for papers

Francine Gregoire

Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor δ, A Target with a Broad Therapeutic Potential for Drug Discovery

PPAR Research

Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor δ, A Target with a Broad Therapeutic Potential for Drug Discovery

Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor δ, A Target with a Broad Therapeutic Potential for Drug Discovery

Articles

Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor : A Target with a Broad Therapeutic Potential for Drug Discovery

PPAR- in Vascular Pathophysiology

The Potential Applications of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Ligands in Assisted Reproductive Technology

Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor in the Brain: Facts and Hypothesis

PPAR Agonism for the Treatment of Obesity and Associated Disorders: Challenges and Opportunities

Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Delta: A Conserved Director of Lipid Homeostasis through Regulation of the Oxidative Capacity of Muscle

Regulation of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation by PPAR